In Part I of this series, New Deal Democrat and I looked at the years 1929 - 1933. These years saw a decline of 25% in the chained GDP figures; a failure of 20% of commercial banks, a drop in personal income from $90 billion to $50 billion and a drop in the level of industrial production from 60 to 30. The contraction was the most severe of the last 100 years. Let's take a look at years 1934 - 1940 to see how the economy performed.
''At the end of February, we were a con-geries of disorderly panicstricken mobs and factions. In the hundred days from March to June we became again an organized nation confident of our power to provide for our own security and to control our own destiny.'' - Walter Lippman, 1933
Above is a chart from 1929 - 1940 of total US GDP in chained 2000 dollars. Notice a very important point: the US economy had increased in size from 1934 to 1937 to its 1929 level. In other words, the US economy wiped out the total losses of the 1929 - 1933 contraction in 4 years.
If you don't want to believe the graph, here is the raw data for Real GDP by Year:
1929 $865.2 Billion1930 790.71931 739.91932 643.71933 635.51934 704.21935 766.91936 866.6* In 1936, real (inflation adjusted) GDP surpassed that of 1929!1937 911.11938 879.71939 950.7
Not only that, but by the end of 1936, Industrial Production had also returned to its 1929 peak:
Auto sales in 1936, at 4,616,000 cars and trucks, of which 3,807,000 were passenger cars, surpassed the 1928 level of 4,599,000 cars and trucks, trailing only the 1929 sales of 5,651,000 cars and trucks.
The reason for this is a rapid rate of growth:
The economy grew 10.8% in 1934, 8.9% in 1935, 13% in 1936 and 5.1% in 1937.
And by 1937 the unemployment rate was back under 10%:
(Note: the dotted line is the official current calcuation of the Historical Statistics of the United States that counts workers employed in government makework/infrastructure jobs; the solid line, commonly used by New Deal doubters, is an outdated, former series) that treated such workers, who earned a paycheck, as unemployed!)
Here's the reason for the difference in umemployment readings:
These estimates for the years prior to 1940 are intended to measure the number of persons who are totally unemployed, having no work at all. For the 1930's this concept, however, does include one large group of persons who had both work and income from work--those on emergency work. In the United States we are concerned with measuring lack of regular work and do not minimize the total by excluding persons with made work or emergency jobs. This contrasts sharply, for example, with the German practice during the 1930's when persons in the labor-force camps were classed as employed, and Soviet practice which includes employment in labor camps, if it includes it at all, as employment
Consider these achievements in the face of the claim by the right wing noise machine that FDR extended the Great Depression. These claims are entirely false based on the above data. In fact, it was a mere three years before the economy had again increased to its 1929 level, indicating something was indeed working.
Let's sum up some key points made in this series so far:
1.) The US economy lost roughly 1/4 of its GDP from 1929 - 1933. In other words, FDR started in one of the deepest economic holes faced by any new administration.
2.) By the end of his first administration he had returned the country to its 1929 level of GDP. He did this with a rapid rate of economic growth as evidenced by the raw GDP growth numbers and decent employment growth.
Here's an explanation from Paul Krugman on what happened.
In 1934 and 1936, the GOP made many of the same arguments against the New Deal that the right-wing echo chamber is parroting now. Those arguments were considered by the electorate and their verdict was overwhelming: in a rare occurence, the incumbent Democratic party increased its seats in both the House and Senate in the off-year 1934 election, and FDR won a landslide re-election victory in 1936.
Stay tuned for parts III and IV.