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Heidi Grant Halvorson, Ph.D.

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The Relationship Between Exercise And Self Control

Posted: 06/14/11 08:35 AM ET

Self-control is essential for achieving just about any important goal. Resisting temptations (like tasty snacks or cigarettes), ignoring distractions (like your rapidly filling email Inbox or your gossiping coworkers), taking actions you'd really rather not take (like getting on that treadmill or asking your penny-pinching boss for a raise) -- all of these actions require significant self-control. Do you have the willpower to get the job done, or have you found yourself giving in to temptations, distractions and inaction when trying to reach your own goals? If it's the latter, you're not alone. But more importantly, you can do something about it.

It turns out that our capacity for self-control is surprisingly like a muscle -- like a bicep or tricep. And like any muscle, self-control can vary in its strength, not only from person to person, but from moment to moment. Even well-developed biceps sometimes feel like jelly after too much strain and so too does your self-control muscle. Spend all day dealing with distractions, hassles and stressors at work, and it's awfully hard to summon up the willpower to resist the allure of the cocktail, the cigarette or the fully-loaded nacho platter.

The good news is that depletion is only temporary -- after you rest it a while, you will get your strength back. The great news is that if you want more self-control in general, you can get more. And you get more self-control the same way you get bigger muscles: you've got to give it regular workouts.

Do you have a sweet tooth? Try giving up candy, even if weight loss and cavity-prevention are not your goals. Hate exerting yourself physically? Go out and buy one of those handgrips you see the muscle men with at the gym -- even if your goal is to pay your bills on time. In a recent study, psychologist Mark Muraven asked a group of adult men and women to either avoid sweets or use a handgrip over two weeks. The "avoid sweets" group was told to eat as little cake, cookies, candy and other dessert foods as possible. In the handgrip condition, people were given handgrips to take home and asked to hold them twice a day for as long as possible. Both tasks require self-control -- either to resist temptation or to overcome physical discomfort -- so both function as a kind of self-control workout.

At the end of two weeks of sweets-abstinence and handgripping, Muraven found that participants had significantly improved on a difficult computerized concentration task -- having nothing to do with either giving up sweets or using a handgrip -- that required lots of self-control. Just by working their willpower muscle regularly, their self-control strength had increased measurably in a matter of weeks!

In another study, psychologists Megan Oaten and Ken Cheng gave participants a free gym membership and individually-tailored exercise programs (designed by trainers) that included aerobics, free-weights and resistance training. After exercising regularly over the course of two months, these men and women had not only increased their ability to do a variety of laboratory self-control tasks, but also reported that many other areas of their life had improved as well. They smoked fewer cigarettes, drank fewer alcoholic beverages and ate less junk food. They said they were better able to control their tempers and less apt to spend money impulsively. They didn't leave their dishes in the sink, didn't put things off until later, missed fewer appointments and developed better study habits. In fact, every aspect of their lives that involved using some self-control seemed to have improved dramatically. When you exercise, it turns out that it's not just your physical muscles you're building.

Self-control training studies have used many different approaches, from directing people to refrain from cursing, to using their non-dominant hand to open doors and brush their teeth. Even sitting up straight every time it occurs to you can help you build up self-control strength. What all these different methods have in common is that each one forces you to do something you'd rather not do -- to fight the urge to give in, give up or just not bother.

Pick an activity that fits with your life and your goals -- anything that requires you to override an impulse or desire again and again, and add this activity to your daily routine. It will be hard in the beginning, particularly if you aren't used to working your self-control muscle that much. However, I can promise you with complete confidence that it will get easier over time if you hang in there, because your capacity for self-control will grow. When it does, it can impact every aspect of your life for the better.

 
 
 

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Self-control is essential for achieving just about any important goal. Resisting temptations (like tasty snacks or cigarettes), ignoring distractions (like your rapidly filling email Inbox or your go...
Self-control is essential for achieving just about any important goal. Resisting temptations (like tasty snacks or cigarettes), ignoring distractions (like your rapidly filling email Inbox or your go...
 
 
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12:53 AM on 06/19/2011
I know one thing: the woman in the picture that links to this article needs a pair of heavier dumb bells, because performing endless reps with that pair she is hoisting in the picture is not going to increase her strength, increase her bone density, or give her the look she is trying to achieve.

Women should, as a general matter, lift like men. Trust me, you are not going to get "bulky" as you don't have the hormones for it. Further, adding a lot of muscle requires a lot of calories, and you would have to eat well above maintenance to bulk up. Guys, who do have the hormones for it, lift heavy poundage for years trying to add muscle, and have to fight for every bit of it. It is not going to happen to you by accident.
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William Anderson LMHC
Licensed Psychotherapist, Weight Control Expert
08:30 AM on 06/15/2011
Excellent article. Not only do you point out some great contributions for Behavioral Medicine, but you give readers hope and good reasons to persist in building their self-discipline "muscle". Thanks for this.

William Anderson, LMHC
Author of 'The Anderson Method - Secrets of Permanent Weight Loss'
www.TheAndersonMethod.com
http://theandersonmethodblog.wordpress.com/
07:15 AM on 06/15/2011
I know what you say. I just gave up my smoking recently and I make a point of brisk walking for an hour each day. It helps!
http://www.lifestyle-after50.com/walking.html
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hayness
A wise man proportions his belief to the evidence
12:20 AM on 06/15/2011
Interesting. Other studies have shown that's not necessarily so. http://www.tnr.com/article/environment-energy/89377/poverty-escape-psychology-self-control

I am very interested in the study on exercise increasing self control....yet another reason to exercise.
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WYHKTai-Tai
Wyoming, Hong Kong, Tai-Tai
08:01 PM on 06/14/2011
Great article, Thanks. OK, I'm off to the gym!
07:16 PM on 06/14/2011
Great article. Thank you so much. It may run counter to a lot of current thought, but I think it's true, and have seen it work in my own life.
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salamanca1
We'll never run out of stupidity
01:20 PM on 06/14/2011
The singular forms for the muscles she mentioned are biceps and triceps. The biceps muscle, the triceps muscle.
11:29 AM on 06/14/2011
The real key to self-control is the desire and training to acheive an outcome that is positive in your mind (like being fit instead of trying to "lose" weight) and in reality as well. Knowing what you are striving for gives a far healthier and more constructive outlook and makes self-control easier (not easy) and more of a goal to shoot for then some guilt-ridden denial system.
10:41 AM on 06/14/2011
What is the length of time one needs to repeat these self-control exercises before the benefits are recognized?

Also are the any other differences between the physical exertion self-controllers and the will-power self-controllers? From the outset it seems like the physical exertion task would be easier to accomplish and quantify versus the will-power task which is so "wishy-washy" and totally dependent on the individual. (e.g. I can hold the hand grips for 63+ seconds every day - but resisting sweets is a pretty open ended task without boundaries)
11:40 AM on 06/14/2011
Are you saying it's easier to incrementally introduce a new behavior than constantly monitor, and avoid, an existing one.

I guess that's why they say it's hard to stop existing behaviors and instead must substitute and add new ones. The new ones take up the time of the old ones, create better payoffs (cause they're newer in part?), and eventually the payoff the 'bad' behavior becomes nullified?

And frankly I didn't think much about that until you posted. I do exactly that and don't add in that many new behaviors (like going for an evening walk at 9pm when I typically emotionally eat because I'm starting to remember and feel shame about all the things I didn't get done today that I thought I would. (An unrelenting standards schema.)
05:09 PM on 06/14/2011
If my life & behaviors are a bucket full of water then dropping a new stone in and displacing 1/10th of the water is much easier than trying to keep the bucket only 9/10 full.

hmmm sounded better the way you said it.
10:08 AM on 06/14/2011
Self-control. This is something I think a lot about. It dominates my every waking moment. If I'm too sore or injured to work out, if I feel too hungry to not eat a lot of food, if laundry or dishes are not done, if friends act flaky, if an employer I need to like me is mean etc... Any out of control situation like that makes me have negative feelings about myself. What about when the desire for self-control gets out of control?
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FloridaLAW
This Day, This Moment, Right Now!
10:28 AM on 06/14/2011
No such thing as too much self control in my mind. I'm happiest when I'm leading a disciplined lifestyle. All of the things that you mention are just things that bring a little anxiety and that's normal. I SHOULD feel guilty if I don't work out because that forces me to remain consistent so I don't have that feeling etc. etc.
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WYHKTai-Tai
Wyoming, Hong Kong, Tai-Tai
07:59 PM on 06/14/2011
If friends act flaky or your boss is mean, you're not talking not self control, just control. You can't control them. Don't even try.
I agree, there is such a thing as too much self control. Sadly I do NOT have this problem! LOL, but I know people who do. They tie themselves up like pretzels working for perfection in their lives and they are not happy. I think more accurately; their self-control spills over to just "controlling".
Most things in life are a balance. I guess we just have to recognize what we CAN do and do it, and try to let go of the stuff we can't control, like the boss and the friends. There is nothing wrong with having the occasional glass-o-wine or a beer after work with a colleague to gripe about the boss and let off steam, (unless you are a recovering alcoholic - then make it a starbucks double mocha!). Key word being occasional. Balance.
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10:02 AM on 06/14/2011
Interesting article. Wish some links had been provided to the studies though.
11:44 AM on 06/14/2011
Did you try and search for them? "Megan Oaten and Ken Cheng gym membership"