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Helmut Norpoth

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Comfort for Obama: History Is on His Side in 2012

Posted: 09/22/2011 2:28 pm

Nearly all the usual suspects that predict presidential elections point to a rough road ahead for Obama: His job approval rating, which has sunk to the low 40's; an economy with anemic growth, an unemployment rate stuck at 9 percent, and poor consumer confidence; horse-race polls in which Obama is struggling to beat a generic Republican and some flesh-and-blood opponents. Add to that a dispirited Democratic base plus a cocky Republican Party, and it would be easy to write off Obama as a one-term president. Yet there is one comfort that Obama can draw on right now: History is on his side. What kind of history?

Over the course of two centuries, American presidential elections have exhibited a distinct cycle. This is not the pattern associated with long-term partisan realignments that may last 30 years or so. It is a more short-term cycle that has escaped notice. Not as regular as the tides, it behaves more like sunspots and hurricanes. As an example, consider how the White House party has fared in successive elections during the last half century.

2011-09-22-Screenshot20110922at2.14.43PM.png
The pattern is quite clear. When the White House party was in its first term, it has won reelection in five of six cases since 1960, with an average share of 55.5% of the two-party vote. Compare that to instances in which the White House party went for reelection after two or more terms. Since 1960, it has lost six of seven such elections, averaging a vote share below 50 percent. It appears that the prospect of losing looms large for the presidential party when it has held the White House for two or more terms. But the White House party has little to fear when it has been there just for one term. Since 1960, Jimmy Carter is the only case where the presidential party has lost the office after just one term.

But what about George H.W. Bush in 1992? And Gerald Ford in 1976? Both went down to defeat after having served one (or even less than one) term as president. That is certainly true, but the prediction is about the presidential party. By 1992, the Republicans, with Reagan and Bush, had held the White House for three terms; by 1976, they had done so with Nixon and Ford for two terms. Neither Ford nor Bush (elder) got into office by sweeping out the other party. They did so more or less as designated successors of presidents with a considerable record. For better or worse, they were measured by the legacy of their predecessors, whom they served as vice presidents, rather than as genuine first-term presidents.

In contrast, a president who enters the White House by defeating the candidate of the incumbent party -- perhaps the sitting president himself -- starts out with a pledge of change: from Kennedy's "New Frontier" in 1960, through Reaganomics in 1980, to Obama's "Hope and Change" in 2008. The electorate has loudly registered the demand, "It's Time for a Change." But change will take time to be implemented. At such moments in history, one may suspect, the public is willing to show some patience with the efforts of the new administration to work its magic. But when two terms are up the public may no longer be inclined to give the administration the benefit of the doubt. By then, of course, the two-term limit prevents a sitting president from running for another term, making the odds of retaining the White House even longer for the presidential party.

Whatever the explanation, the pattern illustrated for the last 50 years can be spotted in presidential elections all the way back to 1828, when popular voting took hold across the United States.

  • There is a boom-bust cycle of electoral fortunes
  • The cycles are irregular in length (period) as well as width (amplitude)
  • The average length of a cycle is estimated as 5.2 terms
  • The White House party can expect to stay in office 2.6 terms
So it is not just recent history (since 1960), but electoral history going back to 1828 that augurs well for Obama in 2012. Having ousted the Republicans from the White House in 2008, he has an expected lease on the property for two terms, while leaving his party with a 50-50 chance of retaining it for another term.

What is more, the electoral cycle lets us make a vote forecast for the 2012 presidential election, using the following equation1:

  • VOTE (t) = 49.2 +.52 VOTE(t-1) - .47 VOTE (t-2)
Where VOTE refers to the Democratic percent of the two-party vote in 46 elections from 1828 to 2008. So the prediction of the Obama vote share in 2012 simply requires entering his vote share in 2008 and that of the Democratic presidential candidate in 2004.

The resulting forecast gives Obama 51.8 percent of the two-party vote in 2012. It is not a landslide as some first-term presidents have scored: Johnson in 1964, Nixon in 1972, and Reagan in 1984. It is more a narrow victory of the kind Bush achieved in 2004. In view of the error that attends any model estimates, what are the chances that Obama will win in 2012, given the forecast of 51.8? The answer is two in three. Yes, history is on Obama's side, but with less conviction than in the case of some other first-term presidents.

1 This type of model was proposed by G. U. Yule to mimic the periodic, albeit irregular, fluctuations of sunspot observations over a span of 175 years. See Yule, G.U. (1971). On a method of investigating periodicities in disturbed series with special reference to Wolfer's sunspot numbers. In A. Stuart and M. Kendall (Ed.), Statistical papers of George Udny Yule (pp. 389-420). New York: Hafner Press. (originally published in 1927)

 
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09:31 PM on 09/29/2011
I think Obama will will be re-elected (not that I want him to) but consider the following: Democrats will likely vote for him because he is a democrat. Most African Americans will vote for him, because they did last time. The Jewish population will likely vote for him because they tend to vote democrat. All the people on any kind of government assistance will vote for him because they don't want to risk losing their program whatever it is. If "undocumented citizens" are made citizens (not sure if this will happen) they will likely vote for him as well as the portion of the hispanic population that hopes this will pass. I will venture to say that most younger people who have not been in the work force very long (and have not paid much if any income tax) will also vote for him because they will be relatively unaffected in the short term by anything he does and for some strange reason he appeals to them. The super wealthy will also vote for and back him, as many did last time. Like the people with little or nothing they will be relatively unaffected by him. The only people I think are likely to vote against him are small business owners and people in their "peak earning years" who will be hammered by what I fear will be huge increases in taxes targeted at this group.. Granted this is not scientific by any means, just my gut feeling
02:57 PM on 09/27/2011
What this writer failed to point out that the one loss out of six that lost was Jimmy Carter and the reason he lost was he was the worst president of all time. Now here we are 35 years later and a new worst president of all time is in office. How do you think the election will turn out?
11:04 PM on 09/28/2011
Sorry. The worst President of all time left office on January 20, 2009.
02:41 PM on 09/27/2011
"In view of the error that attends any model estimates, what are the chances that Obama will win in 2012, given the forecast of 51.8? The answer is two in three."

Hahahahahahaha, the notion that Obama has a 67% chance of being reelected is absolutely hilarious.
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The Corporate Champion
Conservative, because someone's got to do the work
11:19 AM on 09/24/2011
Lol, the purpose of this article was to calm and comfort liberals. That's a shame, giving them false hope...BUT THAT'S WHAT OBAMA DID!
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
purplet trader
2012-
10:55 AM on 09/25/2011
let's examine who you put into office:

freshman Tea Party-affiliated Congressman's ethics issues "stem from his failure to pay child support and accurately disclose income and liabilities on his personal financial disclosure forms, and his campaign committee's inaccurate reporting of interest payment on his loans to his campaigns." These issues, according to the report, represent Walsh "act[ing] in a manner that does not reflect creditably on the House."The back child support allegations are not the only questionable financial practice allegations Walsh has faced. While he was campaigning last year, former campaign field director Richard Cape claimed he would "spend, spend, spend uncontrollably." His former campaign manager Keith Liscio eventually sued for $20,000 in nonpayment, and two other staffers who quit accused him of not properly disclosing a 2008 home foreclosure and traffic citations to the public, taking their grievances public. Walsh also bounced checks, including one to a Republican fundraiser. Liscio's case against Walsh has since been settled.
this is just one of the gems the TP put into office- and you have the nerve to talk about Obama
02:44 PM on 09/27/2011
Wow, amazing how you can tell that the above individual voted for Joe Walsh based upon a two sentence post.
09:03 PM on 09/28/2011
Yo, Purplet, I'm just thinking out loud, but I think your summary, to whatever degree it might be accurate, cannot even begin to disguise the UNEMPLOYMENT rate in America that impacts lives, neighborhoods, and the next generation.

Now that the past 3 years have unmasked Obama of his real intentions of destroying wealth creation, impugning wealthy Americans and his recent speeches revealing the evident impact that Jermiah Wright's world view had on the President, you look the other way and apply Saul Alinsky-like assaults when you demonstrate zero solutions to the obvious problems in our nation.

What EXACTLY would Obama propose in a second term? Higher taxes? More regulation? More food stamps? More debt and more spending? Obamacare alone has 20...that's right, 20 new or higher taxes that will impact citizens who earn less than 250k.

The owner of the Washington Wizards, an Obama supporter and donor in '08, has turned on Obama for his despicable class warfare strategy. The CEO of Coca Cola says similar things, as does the founder of BET, Robert Johnson, a black man, who is utterly disappointed in Obama.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
ecyornagol
Phil Robertson/ Uncle Si, 2016
11:15 AM on 09/24/2011
Keep dreaming. Obama is a one term nightmare. Dawn is breaking though.
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purplet trader
2012-
10:47 AM on 09/25/2011
Right- he's a nighmare- Lets look at who the TP- Repubs have given us with their wisdom- Rep Walsh- owes $100,000+ in back child support- an elitist who thinks personal responsibility and family values applies to everyone else- who bashes gov but loves that socialist pay check- and benefits- he was broke and is being sued by a former staffer for wages- a real role model on how to balance a budget- What about" Tea Party aligned Georgia Rep. Tom Graves (R), who castigates Washington for fiscal irresponsibility, reached an out of court settlement Wednesday after he was sued for defaulting on a $2.2 million loan -- which his attorney argued is the bank's fault for lending him the money in the first place."
02:46 PM on 09/27/2011
Dude, why do you keep mentioning Joe Walsh? I hate to tell you this, but the majority of people criticizing Obama didn't vote for Walsh, nor do they have anything to do with the Tea Party. And if you want to get into a game of listing less-than-ethical politicians, there are more than a few Democrats that can be discussed, though that would be pointless, just as your discussion of Joe Walsh is.
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purplet trader
2012-
10:53 AM on 09/25/2011
here's another example of the TP wisdom- A top activist with the anti-tax Tea Party movement has had a personal brush with federal tax collectors. Jenny Beth Martin, a co-founder and national co-ordinator for the Tea Party Patriots, owed, with her husband, over half a million dollars to the IRS when the pair filed for bankruptcy last year, according to filings examined by TPMmuckraker.
what about this gem: national Tea Party organizer, Top Conservatives on Twitter cofounder and TCOTReport.com publisher Michael P. Leahy has, over the past 16 years, amassed nearly $150,000 in state and federal tax liens, small claims court judgments and civil suits.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
ecyornagol
Phil Robertson/ Uncle Si, 2016
12:56 PM on 09/26/2011
So what? I'd call all that "motivation". The IRS is out of control.
09:20 PM on 09/28/2011
Purplet: If there are TP members in Congress who have ethical failures, then let the voters in those districts assess them with all the facts, not just yours, and vote in 2012.

We all see precisely what Obama stands for, an all-powerful, centralized government and a US flag that instead of the 50 stars that we see, has one star, the Federal Government. In Obama's world, the US citizens are ruled by unaccountable, unelected, faceless bureaucrats who run Obamacare thru HHS, and the IPAB board.

The chances for structural reform of Obamacare in the future, if left unchallenged, are impossible. It will regulate businesses to death in many cases.

That's just one example of Obama's desire to construct a Command and Control economy, a tragic illusion of a just society when history has proven again and again, it does not work.
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DannyEVillage
07:05 AM on 09/24/2011
That's odd: Keith Oberman rattled off three or four polls last night indicating that the majority of Americans still blame Bush.

Now give us some history on the Gallup organization, wouldya'?
09:21 PM on 09/28/2011
So, if I understand you correctly, Obama has not yet taken the oath of office?
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nlkennedy
Realism Only
12:21 PM on 09/23/2011
Yeah, why are the fairly low polling numbers for the presidentalways presented as the be all end all, and "bad news for Obama"?

The TeaPublican Congress has a 13% approval rating for crying out loud.

I know there are Dems in Congress, but let's face it, when America thinks of Congress, they think of J.Boehner and E.Cantor and TEA TEA TEA

Who's really in worse shape here?
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The Corporate Champion
Conservative, because someone's got to do the work
11:20 AM on 09/24/2011
I'm sure the 13% approval is because of Harry Reid and Nancy Pelosi.
02:49 PM on 09/27/2011
You know, the last time I voted for president, I don't recall choosing between the Democratic Party Candidate and Congress.
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nlkennedy
Realism Only
05:32 PM on 09/27/2011
You may have a larger brain capacity than most citizens
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Hector L Soto
Read the Article, then Post!
11:39 AM on 09/23/2011
If I am not wrong, come Nov. 2012, History is not up for re-election, Obama is!
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Bart DePalma
Bart DePalma
09:43 AM on 09/23/2011
Professor Norpoth is essentially postulating a voter fatigue theory where the White House party loses favor and/or the minority party rebuilds its brand over time. Of course, as the Jimmy Carter example demonstrates, the onset of voter fatigue can advance rapidly when the current president is incompetent and making a hash of the economy. Given that the polls are routinely showing between 42% and 49% of voters plan to vote against Obama in 2012 for incompetence and making a hash out of the economy, I suspect that Carter will have company after the next election.
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noaxe397
08:38 AM on 09/23/2011
I think all bets are off until the GOP actually nominates someone. Of the last 5 GOP nominees, three were center right pragmatist­s who all wore their country's uniform: Bush41, Dole, McCain. They all lost. The other 2 were hard right ideologues (Bush43, Reagan.) They both won 2 terms. Because the GOP has become almost totally the party of the angry white man, only an extremist bomb thrower has a chance of obtaining the nomination­. Yes, electabili­ty is crucial, and that is why I say we must wait to see who the nominee is. NOTE: Bush41 did win in 1988, but that's because people thought they were getting a third Reagan term; why that wasn't the case, he was gone. Post
09:37 PM on 09/28/2011
LOL. wow. You must feel like to arbiter of name-calling with "hard right idealogues" and "extremist bomb throwers."

What we have in the White House now, with his recent angry speeches, is someone who sat in the pews of Jermiah Wright, an angry black man, to practically quote you above.

In reality, you can't defend the over-promising and under-delivering of Obama. His promises are many, his results are non-existent, certainly in economic terms. Not a surprise for a man whose never held a job in the private sector that required as much as a cardboard hat.

You can look backward at the GOP or label the eventual nominee. But the one who proposes less spending, less government and less regulation versus the one proposing bigger government, more taxes, more food stamps and more debt.

BTW, Obama in Feb 2009: "I will cut the deficit that we inherited in half by the end of my first term." --his words, not mine.
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SadButWiser
08:32 AM on 09/23/2011
Numbers impress me more than emotions. Thank you. I will make sure to revisit this article in 2012.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Ezio
How can we win when fools can be kings?
08:03 AM on 09/23/2011
LOL, except for the fact that Obama and Carter have done pretty much the same thing! Obama will be out next year, the best hope for the dems would be to have someone a bit more competent run.
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12:51 AM on 09/26/2011
Actually, Statistically, Obama is polling as Clinton polled before his second term. Clinton moved center to work with the right more cohesively (welfare reform) and was reelected. However, Obama is a fence sitter...I think he thinks the fence is always in the middle but its not and it makes him undefined; so satisfing no one. Nice guys finish last...There is still time for him to become a Clinton or remain a Carter....It will be close no matter what...No one is walking away with this election...its just too engaged.
09:44 PM on 09/28/2011
I disagree. Every state that McCain won in 2008 will stay red. Most states Obama won are up for grabs, certainly the purple states are. Obama will be defending his turf every day.

He has a record to defend this time, including the stimulus spending per job "created."

The 23 Senate Dems up for re-election must defend Obamacare, so they will stay far away from Obama in about 18 of those races. Not sure about the connection between nice guys and Obama...he can get mighty angry if a journalist asks a question that challenges Obama.

BTW, will Obama even have a press conference in the next year in which he doesn't control the questions or at least the journalists who might ask them? I mean, he's had maybe 2 in the past 2 years!
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FireThemAll2012
I'm also the 53%
07:41 AM on 09/23/2011
now compare those stats to the fact that no president has won re elcted with unemployment as high as it is? Obama is done
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PolecatMtn
06:53 AM on 09/23/2011
Nope. That's History. Obama is TOAST in 2012. It is the GOP's to lose. Liberal-marxists will be crushed at the polls. Perhaps it is time for the Democrat Party to go into the dust bin of History.
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
Great American
Seal The Borders ~ God Bless Sheriff Arpaio!
02:40 AM on 09/23/2011
Total nonsense. This is the worst economy since the Great Depression, and Obama owns it. He hasn't a chance of even showing a respectful showing in the 2012 election.
05:32 AM on 09/23/2011
As much as you want to ignore facts when a party takes over the white house they almost always win re-election, Carter was the exception. The economy isn't Obama's fault there is a worldwide economic recession changing the president won't change that fact. Anyone who thinks replacing Obama will help the economyis deluding themselves.
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PolecatMtn
06:54 AM on 09/23/2011
WRONG! All you gotta do is make a TV commercial with Debbie Wasserman-Schultz the Dem Chair saying " we own this economy". BINGO.
12:13 AM on 09/24/2011
Obama has said himself that if he cannot get us out of the recession in three years he does not deserve to be re-elected. DNC chairwoman Wasserman-Schultz has stated that she is proud to say the Democrats own this economy!
Here is how the economy will improve with Obama defeated. Obamacare will be voted down. The trillions of dollars that corporations and banks are hoarding because of their fear of promised Obama tax hikes and regulations will be released. Business will then create jobs and invest.
07:27 AM on 09/23/2011
This is only true if the American people decide the economy is so bad that they want to destroy Medicare, Social Security and turn the country completely over to the ultra rich. I know you've got a great propaganda engine on your side, but from talks I've had with elderly Republicans (as an example) they know very well they'll have to vote for Obama. They may not like him, but they don't hate America enough to elect one of these new radical Republicans.
09:59 PM on 09/28/2011
So, when in 2020, when we have 70 million Americans at 65 yrs old or older, instead of just the 40 million we have today, you'd rather encourage today's elderly to screw their adult kids and their grandkids and demand they pay taxes until their eyes bleed to pay for a system created in 1935 (SS) and medicare that has about 20-30% fraud and waste?

The tax rates that lie before us by doing nothing with medicare and medicaid are indescribable. But if that doesn't matter to the 50% of Americans who demand the money of those evil, hate-filled ultra rich, vote for Obama.

We can inch slowly toward a European-style socialistic democracy with 16% unemployment. Go get'em Tiger!