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Howard Steven Friedman

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7 OECD Countries with the Highest Incarceration Rates: US and Israel Top List!

Posted: 07/29/11 02:16 PM ET

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation comprised of 34 countries, representing many of the wealthier countries in the world. Its members include North American countries (Canada, Mexico and the U.S.), much of Western Europe, as well as New Zealand, Australia, Chile, Israel, Japan and South Korea. Data from the OECD is readily available online and makes for a great data source for cross-country comparisons.

In this particular study, we examined the incarceration rate, as defined by the prison population per 100,000 national population. When we look across the OECD countries, we see that the U.S. has an incarceration rate that is off the charts compared to other wealthy countries. In 2008, the U.S. had a rate of 760 prisoners per 100,000 population or more than seven times higher than the median rate for OECD countries. The country with the next highest rate was Israel (325 prisoners per 100,000 population) with Chile (317 prisoners per 100,000 population) and Estonia (273 prisoners per 100,000 population) being the only other OECD countries with rates over 250 prisoners per 100,000.

#7 Mexico: 208 prisoners per 100,000 population
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Mexico has the seventh highest incarceration rate of any OECD country at 208 prisoners per 100,000 population. This rate is nearly twice the median value for OECD countries.
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Faced with this observation about the extraordinary U.S. incarceration rate, one can ask some simple questions: Why does the U.S. have an incarceration rate that is so much higher than other wealthy countries? Is America's underlying crime rates so much higher? Is America's policing so much more effective than other countries? In general, incarceration rates are a combination of many factors including the underlying crime rate, the rate people report crimes, the likelihood that police interview and arrest criminals, the incarceration rate for those convicted criminals, the sentencing lengths for those convicted criminals and the rates of recidivism. So, ideally we could break down the differences in incarceration rate into the components listed above to understand why the U.S.'s rate is so different from other countries but, unfortunately, much of that cross-country data is not available.

Instead, I'll look at a more readily answerable question, how did the U.S. come to have such an enormous incarceration rate? The rate wasn't always this high, but it has been growing steadily over time and is now almost four times what it was in 1980. The rise was mostly due to policy changes on sentencing, especially with respect to drug laws. In fact, three key policy changes enacted in the 1980s drove this soaring incarceration rate: mandatory minimum sentencing laws, Three Strikes laws, and the criminalization of drug usage. Evidence of this factor may be seen in the increase in the number and percentage of prisoners incarcerated for drug crimes: from eight percent of the prison population in 1980 to more than 50 percent of the federal prison population by 2009.

A number of elements played a contributing role in the rising incarceration rates. Many citizens actively support the escalating incarceration rates as they feel it has made America safer and supported the legislation passed in the 80's. Politicians see this as a no-lose proposition - can you name an elected official that got humiliated at a debate or thrown out of office for being "too tough" on crime? For-profit prison companies of course love it as it represents more business. Some towns compete to be the site of a new prison because of the economic benefits and the political strength that prison gerrymandering can provide.

As the U.S. continues loading its jails and looking for new places to build larger prisons, we should be asking more questions. Why does the U.S. need so many more prisoners than other countries? Why does our incarceration rate keep growing even through crime rates are so much lower than decades ago? Why do we eagerly spend so much money on building jails yet feel so comfortable cutting back basic supports for the poor and working class?

Data note: We used the most recent year available for each OECD country between 2007-2009 available from the link provided. Comparisons were made to the median, not the mean value because the U.S. data point is such a large outlier.

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10:49 AM on 08/11/2011
A lot of the inmates are in prison because they choose to be there. They can't or don't want to be a part of society and prison isn't like it used to be. They eat much better than my family...
11:54 PM on 08/10/2011
dont do the crime if you can't spend the time. We actually pay X service men to become cops and they have honor pension and a life. Ya Ya maybe a little over the top but I promise you most of them (accused) did it and we are a lot safer than say....Mexico where they can have drug lords kill many people and the also will kill the chief of police. Not here no sir. Try to bribe a cop for speeding.. not a chance. Stop the feel good stuff. Try cutting a hand off if you get caught for stealing. Muslems and that they say is the difference. We should take away the freebees in prision too.
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02:05 AM on 08/10/2011
USA! USA! USA! USA!
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rmhopper3
10:08 PM on 08/03/2011
according to the dept of justice http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/glance/tables/corr2tab.cfm between 1980 to 2009 the prison population has increased by a factor of 3 from around 300.000 to over one million those on probation from to just over 4 million from just over 1 million in 1980 those on parole has increased by a factor of four and the total in the system rose by a factor of seven .... Numbers of those who are non citizens and those who are illegals is a different statistics....

Illegals are put by some sources at 17 percent, and others at much less are not divided by race in those I read.... It streches creduality to believe the entire criminal justice system has increased by a factor of seven because of illegal immigration. It is only logical to assume that part of the issue is longer sentences, stricter enforcement and increased prosecution of drug offenses
11:31 AM on 08/02/2011
I would guess the high incarceration rate is driven by (a) the war on drugs, and (b) racism in sentencing.

I wonder what our incarceration rate if (a) non-violent drug offenders were subtracted from the total, and (b) the numbers of african americans were statistically adjusted so the incarceration rate was the same as white folks convicted of the same crimes.
08:54 PM on 08/04/2011
here in wisconsin, african-americans make up for 6% of the population in the state, yet they make up 46% of those incarcerated.
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Feurio
Religion poisons everything
06:24 AM on 08/11/2011
Prison industrial complex. Money to be made.
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03:24 PM on 08/01/2011
Stupid article. Of course we have a high incarceration rate. We don't have blatant bribery and corruption permeating everything about our society (yet), we have a sound system of law liberally applied still with minimal possibility of bribing our way out and a population willing to implement it instead of being afraid the authorities we call might drag us off instead. On the other hand sadly enough, we don't implement our capital punishment to the max like we should. Without an ultimate consequence and if the worst a person can get is literally decades on death row, why would the animals worry about the "punishment" for preying on the rest of us?
02:39 PM on 08/01/2011
What's the crime rate statistic. Without that the incarceration rate lacks context for evaluating it.
07:23 PM on 08/01/2011
You raise a very good point - incarceration rates are a function of a number of factors including the underlying crime rate, rate of crime being reported, actions taken by police in arresting criminals, rate of criminal prosecution, lengths of sentencing...

Estimates of the underlying crime rate are notoriously bad, and so there is phrase the “dark figure of crime” to describe the amount of crime which is unreported or undetected. To give you an example, in the British Crime Survey for 2009-2010 (where they sample ordinary citizens rather than just look at police recorded crimes) it was estimated that the crime rate that is about twice as high as the officially recorded crimes rate.

Do you think the crime rate in the U.S. is 7 times higher than in other wealthy countries? Not likely, but what is most different is how our justice system handles criminals, especially low level repeat offenders and drug crimes.
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Bills Catz
Don't believe everything you think.
12:42 AM on 08/11/2011
Howard, there seems to be a factor missing here: the economy. The FBI long ago concluded that bank robberies and armed thefts rise sharply during rough economies. Prisons have, unfortunately, become a genuine growth industry, to the point where there are rent-a-prisons and they're economically feasible. So has is enforcement and harsher laws about incarcerating criminals or providing customers?
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02:11 PM on 07/31/2011
The US needs prisons becuase we lock up non-violent offenders. However, if the US, like many European nations, levied steep fines for criminal behavior and then made criminals work off their for $15 a day if they couldn't pay you would likely see a drastic decline in crime.

However, if you got rid of chickensheet policework you would probably acheive the same ends.
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gor4844
10:28 AM on 08/01/2011
Absolutely...well said!
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Trollstein
Once you go Schwartz, you never go back baby
09:35 AM on 07/31/2011
There many factors, as the author suggests. But the three most significant are:
1. In many "Western" countries, laws against personal use of narcotics are not taken seriously and rarely policed (if there even are such laws--which is not always the case).
2. In these same "Western" countries significant parts of their urban zones are over-run by gangs, petty-crime and even not so petty-crime. They often just live with it.
3. We've got WAY too many lawyers and those lawyers all need periodic feeding.
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YankeeCanuck
dog
01:06 PM on 07/31/2011
Not that many go into criminal law. There's way more money in corporate, real estate, business, and other litigation.
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Trollstein
Once you go Schwartz, you never go back baby
08:15 PM on 07/31/2011
More's the pity. It does not take that many to have too many hungry baristers. Also, many freshman lawyers cut teeth in public defender's dept. Some do a few years in Proc. office before settling in on civil litigation.
07:25 PM on 08/01/2011
I'll agree with point 1 and point 3. I'd need to see some data before I find point 2 convincing.
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Trollstein
Once you go Schwartz, you never go back baby
10:36 AM on 08/02/2011
Stockholm has such conditions. Parts of France are off-limits to the police. Such conditions can also be found in parts of Spain and Portigal. I'm sure a few other choic places, especially parts of the former Soviet Union, such as Romania.
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04:05 AM on 07/31/2011
What a coincidence. America just happens to be the one country in the world where a large chunk of the prisons are private corporations and where every new prisoner earns the shareholders more profit.

Go figure.
09:27 PM on 08/04/2011
it's sickening. in this society, we "blame the victim" and say that people are in prison for "bad behavior" or for "making the wrong choices". some people make mistakes, sure, but not everyone in prison is a violent offender. look at how many are in prison for drug-related "crimes". how many are serving time for just marijuana possession? if it was legalized, the prison rate would be down dramatically and people with terminal illnesses would be having a better quality of life. of course, that would be too logical and it would take money away from the "job creators".
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porsche996
an inelastic scattering of photons
02:16 AM on 07/31/2011
2.3 million imprisoned in the land of the free and 4.9 million on parole or probation......more than 7 million in the "system"....or 2% of the population.

Come on people we can do better than this...all though we are #1.....USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA
10:43 PM on 07/30/2011
this is def Corp. America!!

i guess we all need to invent or sell soon, become a corp. some how. Ill prob bring back BOSS, IOU, GUESS, some cheap 80s glasses etc. to sell in Iraq soon.
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checkmoot
We have met the enemy and he is us.
10:27 PM on 07/30/2011
In Florida, our new governor, Scott, whose last job was CEO of a company committing major medicare fraud, is privatizing all the prisons in Florida that aren't already for profit institutions. Look for arrest rates to go through the roof.
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MyTake
Release the Hydrogen Economy now!
09:06 PM on 07/30/2011
The answer is simple.

You no longer live in The United States of America, you now live in The Corporate State of America.

Here is how it works.

The "bad actor", Ronald Regan, opened the Government doors "WIDE OPEN" to the Corporate State and that State walked through doors in droves.

Here is one fine case in Pennsylvania where TWO Judges were convicted in accepting $2.6 million from a PRIVATE AND CORPORATE run youth detention center in Pennsylvania.

The bribes were given to those Judges to ensure that EVERY cell in the detention center OCCUPIED so their Corporation could BILL THE GOVERNMENT accordingly.

One youngster, who was unknown to police and had never been in trouble before, was in the company of another youngster who was apprehended for SHOPLIFTING. Not only was the FIRST OFFENDER youth jailed at this facility for shoplifting, the other youngster was also sentenced to 3 MONTHS in order to keep the head count billing at 100% at that facility.

And these were only TWO judges that were caught TAKING KICKBACKS from PRIVATE PRISON CORPORATIONS.

When you add in the big Corporate names of such as Corrections Corporation of America, Wackenhut , Pricor, U.S. Corrections, Corrections Concepts, Inc. and others, the U.S. prison population is being OUT SOURCED to for-profit Corporations.

Thus, the higher the occupancy rate in a private prison, the more PROFIT the Corporation makes.

So, I repeat, you now live in The Corporate State of America.
10:32 PM on 07/30/2011
sounds Alot Scranton & Wilkes Barre...pike county corrections is private also
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RubalKhali
Philosophy is the stray camel of the faithful
10:45 AM on 07/31/2011
Ah, Wilkes Barre, where you find Rice aRoni in the gourmet section.
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03:28 AM on 07/31/2011
Hell, YEAH....
08:32 PM on 07/30/2011
Former MN Supreme Court Chief Justice Kathleen Blatz answers this eloquently when she states that 90% of the youth in juvenile justice have passed through our child protection systems.

These children need help to lead normal lives. 66% of youth in our juvenile justice systems suffer from mental health issues with fully half of them suffering from multiple, chronic and serious disorders.

U.S. courts routinely prosecutes children as young as twelve in our criminal justice system.

American jails are filled with children/juveniles who have no escape or protection from families steeped in generational violence and drug and alcohol abuse. It's a wonder we don't have prison statistics 12 or 20 times those of other nations (which we do if we are compared to the 23 other industrialized nations that treat drug crime in a restorative manner).

5% of the world population and 25% of the world's prison population. Minneapolis MN arrested 44% of its adult Black men in 2001 (no duplicate arrests).

We have become the Jail & Prison capital of the world and it is children that pay the price.

http://www.invisiblechildren.org/2011/04/16/whats-it-gonna-take-judge-lucy-wieland-is-dead-right/
07:56 AM on 08/11/2011
44 out of every 100 black men were arrested in only one year,???????
quit making up facts, your full of s**t