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Finding the Right Analogy for the Economy

Posted: 10/27/11 03:54 PM ET

Someone was just asking me about some right-wing talking points against stimulus that deserve a response -- or at least a better analogy.

Critics like those at Heritage have used the analogy that stimulus spending is like taking water from one end of the swimming pool and putting it in the other end. A dollar that the government spends on stimulus is a dollar someone else won't be spending, so there's no net gain.

This is a typical pre-Keynesian mistake which, if adhered to, mires the economy in recession when we should be applying fiscal policy to generate growth-growth that otherwise would be sacrificed because they don't understand the dynamics of the moment. It's the kind of idea that drives Paul Krugman nuts, because he thought we already learned that lesson.

You see, the swimming pool analogy doesn't work because it's static -- it ignores the dynamics... the actual moving parts in a real economy. A static economy would be one without cycles -- demand would be effectively constant -- and you certainly wouldn't have demand contractions like the Great Recession.

Once you admit such cycles, then the static view disappears. It's perfectly easy to imagine dollars sitting on the sidelines not getting spent or invested, and millions suffering unnecessarily because of it.

A better analogy is to think of the economy as a car and fuel as the demand that propels the car forward. The gas tank is empty, but we've got a tank of gas sitting on the lawn next to the car. If we put the gas in the tank, the car can get started and go somewhere.

Is there any more gasoline in the world? No. But we took the gas we had sitting there on the sidelines and used it to get the engine started.*

You can think of gas as the excess savings that won't otherwise be absorbed because of demand contraction/liquidity trap. And yes, the government will borrow the gas from idle gas tanks across the country -- monetary policy helps here too, by lowering the cost of borrowing -- and pay it back once we're back on track.

The folks who refuse to understand or accept this dynamic analogy simply assume that savings always instantaneously equals investment, so the gas must already be in tank. They're like weathermen in a building with no windows, telling everyone that according to their computer model, it's a beautiful sunny day, when in fact there's a hurricane outside.

And it's not just academic. It's a tragic waste of human potential.

*The central bank may reasonably choose to print more "gasoline" at this stage, which also helps.

This post originally appeared at Jared Bernstein's On The Economy blog.

 
 
 
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10:56 AM on 10/28/2011
the swimming pool analogy works fine if its not a pool but a spa--putting the water forcefully at one end creates a flow of healthy delightful bubbles that massage the bodies in it. not having flow and not adding bromine make the pool stagnant and turns green and stinks.

give bill gates a million dollars and he won't notice, give a guy standing by the freeway ten dollars, he'll spend it and the guy at circle k gets to work one more day and and and.....
ThinkFree111
Freedom begins in your mind
08:50 AM on 10/28/2011
Here is a problem in this thought process. Mt Bernstein keeps using words like borrow and use to describe the methods to obtain the gas for the car. The Federal government does not borrow or just use, it takes and redistributes. The concept of stimulus would have benefitial effect on a temporary bases, if the concept was pure. However, as demonstrated by the last stimulus the process is clouded with partisan, underlying, near criminal motives.

So, the concept of stimulus would be more like, the government rides into a gas station, at gun point forces the owner to fill the cars tank with gas, does not pay him because he has lots of gas and then drive away.
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blueken
Finger Picking blues man
08:31 AM on 10/28/2011
Time for Wall Street to consider who their biggest customers are. The driving force for the last 20 years on Wall Street has been pension fund and 401k investment. Now that we are laying off firemen, police, teachers and clerks, they in turn are not spending money, and that leads to more layoffs in the private sector. If more people were working, more money would be going to Wall Street through pension funds and 401ks. The parasite that kills it's host dies as well. The real answer to this nation's problems is public financeing of federal elections. They write our laws, they should be beholding to us and us alone.
08:28 AM on 10/28/2011
Thankfully, the Keynesian non sense that people like Mr Bernstein and Mr Krugman spew daily is failing to convince anyone. After 1 trillion plus of policies like the "stimulus", anytime you see anyone discussing keynesian economics, it should immediately be dismissed. Can someone PLEASE show me an example of where this type of policy actually worked? During the 1930s, 8+ years of this type of thinking failed to boost the economy and only WW2 ultimately got the excess worked off and eventually the economy recovered. Japan has engaged in Keynesian type stimulus of aggragate demand for 10+ years and they still have NO growth yet a debt to GDP ratio that makes Greece look prudent. How much more pain to we all have to suffer before we can finally end this type of flawed logic?
Bladernr1001
Vote Libertarian
03:46 PM on 10/28/2011
I must correct you on thing in an otherwise very good post. WWII in and of itself did not really end the depression. This thinking leaves out the fact that FDR repealed many if not most of the stifling New Deal Programs to provide more money for the war effort. This freed up the markets almost instantaneously and gave businesses a much more stable, predictable environonent in which to resume prudent investment.

having said that, the war time years were not really that much more prosperous than the 30's. it may have seemed that because we sent off millions to fight a war...this reduce some competition for jobs. But true recovery di not happen until government expenditures were reduced and business felt comfortable in expanding their operations.

The whole story is indeed a strong repudiation of the Keynesian approach.
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bd7769
I may not always be right, but I am never wrong.
08:27 AM on 10/28/2011
There is a new economic study published by Cristina Checherita and Philipp Rother that has found in countries were the sovern debt is equal to the GDP additional deficit spending by the central government does not create any growth. So the swimming pool analogy may not be that far off at this point in time.
08:23 AM on 10/28/2011
You don't need swimming pools and gas tank analogies to make people understand.

Most people either have a credit card or have a decent understanding of how they work. Most people also understand the concept of their "income". GDP is our national income and government borrowing is taking a cash advance on our national credit card.

You can treat that cash advance the same as you treat your income... RIGHT NOW, but later on, you MUST subtract from your income (GDP) to pay back that cash advance plus interest.

Cutting government spending will hurt the economy right now. Yes. Every day that our government puts it off however creates a bigger problem for the future. When the future becomes the present, paying back the debt will hurt the economy, and paying the interest will hurt the economy even more.

I guess the Keynesian fools like Krugman and Bernstein think that the government has a national credit card with an infinite limit, that deficits can be perpetual, and debt never needs to be paid back.

The sad thing is that if we continue on this path of deficits and "stimulus" and experience the inevitable catastrophic collapse of the monetary system, and maybe the political system, there are people who will blame it on "capitalism", even though central planning and the Federal Reserve are the real culprits.
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Skunkman
old & decrepit
08:02 AM on 10/28/2011
From my progressive-socialistic point of view, the conservatives have failed horribly on economic policy, including always voting for every single free trade deal since NAFTA. These agreements have just knocked to guts out of America's manufacturing sector since there's no way to compete with labor earning $2-5 per day.

It can't be done.

Mike:

They made another bad mistake in voting to deregulate the financial sector, but everyone knows that now. It was a disaster for the world and cost us trillions of dollars.

In these key areas then, which determine a country's economic power as opposed to just military power, conservatism has been a big failure, domestically and internationally.
08:57 AM on 10/28/2011
Well, there IS a way to compete with labor at $2--5 per day; automation.

And that is happening.

Unfortunately, that does not bring all those jobs back. Sure, a few jobs are created to support the automation (installation, monitoring, maintenance, etc.), but only a fraction of the jobs that formerly existed to do the same thing.

What do you do with all those other workers who don't qualify to be a technician?
Bladernr1001
Vote Libertarian
06:24 PM on 10/28/2011
No skunk,

I think the progressive-socialsitic point of view is exactly what got us into all this trouble. We have high taxes relative to some other countries, regualtions that have been adding increasing costs to goods and services, and government mandates that have made it increasingly expensive to hire employees. No wonder some companies have gone offshore. This is not to mention that unions have forced some companies to pay higher than market wages for many types of positions.
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Y Woodman Brown
live & let live
08:00 AM on 10/28/2011
Stimulus spending...like turning-on a fan during a tornado...using a flashlight on a cloudy day...like smoking around a campfire...like starting a car with the engine running...like adding a quart of unleaded to a tank of regular...like cash for clunkers...like shovel-ready for a crumbling infrastructure...

If you really want to stimulate the economy, consider this: Sans government spending, tomorrow, everybody breaks and throws-away their cell-phone. There next day, the purchase of new phones creates a new communications boom. Everyone burns-down their house and camps...this then creates a new housing boom...perhaps this would be best, as the boom would be driven off the backs of the insurance industry.

Thus, government spending is only actually stimulating if applied to new product research and development. Say something in the green energy line. Investment enough to create a new well-needed consumer product, e.g., a clean energy heater or mode of transport...only this type of invention investment spending can effectively stimulate an economy.

The rest amounts merely to paying a month's protection to the mob--they're the one's from whom you need protection, they're already loaded, control all the rackets and might just rather break your thumbs and watch you go under.

Now, there's your analogy.
07:59 AM on 10/28/2011
So far stimulus payed public service employees salaries for a year, it did not solve the problem. Money went to green energy companies that are going belly up, It is not that there is gas sitting waiting to be put in the car, they are using the gas for everything but the car.
07:57 AM on 10/28/2011
The economy is a large, dynamic non-linear system.

Electronic circuits are, too.

The flow of money through the economy is analogous to the flow of charge through an electronic system. That charge flow is called current. The quantity of money in an economy is analogous to the amount of charge in an electronic system.

I invite economists who doubt the premise of this article to contact an electrical engineer at their university to sit down with them and discuss the design considerations and methodology for designing decoupliing capacitance circuits for circuit boards. Essentially, the same principles are at work.

If you can get a clear picture of how decoupling works, you will understand this article. I know, I know, the non-linear equations that describe the eonomy are much more complex (and not even known), than those for a circuit board, but the principles are the same. And obvious.
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joedas
My former employer would forbid it,
07:01 AM on 10/28/2011
George W. approved of the stimulus. How coul we know it would be used for Bonuses?
07:59 AM on 10/28/2011
Because they are bankster? Because they are breathing?

I'm sure the bailouts could have been tied to some sort of curtailing of bonuses, at least until the bailout money had been paid back.

So, was the decision not to do so tied to the panic that was clearly gripping the government, or was it done intentionally to help out the Congresscritters' banking buddies? I suspect some of both.
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viko
Definition of Management is to create a surplus
08:15 AM on 10/28/2011
Because there was a buyer for Lee Man Bros. Wall St.
Bush admitted.
If there were WMD no one would have any questions or hindsight.
Torture would not even be such an issue.
The point is you guys knew full well the day you would come to ask for a bail out with to big to fail as a threat. This was the premeditated strike any accountant can tell you at a present rate of sale your dooms day when you can't offset the balance.
Just like you knew full well there were no WMD. The Iraq war was planned long before the 911 ever happened. Then we bought one and got one free first in Afghanistan and then in Iraq. Bush did a great job in transferring the wealth of the middle class to the one percent rich. Mission accomplished. He was welcomed as a liberator a cake walk. The victory celebration was a get rich code for the rich making money from war.

The Bush doctrine is to shoot first and aim later protecting us from invasions after the implosion. we cannot sat we did not think we would be struck when we were struck in the same place by the same people a few years prior.
people knew the banks were insuring plan failures to make a profit signed off by Henry Paulson.
CO's got paid for self destruction.
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PerryLogan
We don't want your guns. We just want your women.
06:30 AM on 10/28/2011
Forgive me, but the best analogy for our economy is that of a human body with a terrible case of constipation.

The body politic suffers from a whopping great bout of monetary constipation, wherein most of the money is congealed and compacted into the hands of a few. This is a direct result of the Republican revolution and its brilliant economic policies. It's like nothing so much as a nasty case of constipation, with terrible effects on the health of our society.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtPMFDN6eYE
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free reign
My country tis of thee!
06:19 AM on 10/28/2011
JARED, Jared, jared. I enjoyed this article. Last week I tried to explain the economy in these terms to my friend. Growing up with family dinners where innovative engineers, solar techies, astrophysisists, and chem engineers visited regulary I see it as this; Funny thing; one conclusion, after a particular terrorist event, around 1970+-, the table concluded that religion was the scurge of the Earth.
Energy, like capital/equity fuels the economy.
Bought tax code and deregulation extracts energy from the economy, and siphons it into huge masses, that drive up life's necessities.
Huge massesof EC?energy, snowball in size due to their Citizen United force of gravity.
NO AMOUNT OF FED INFUSIONS WILL BREAK THIS EQUASION, ONLY FLOOD the economy with brief amounts of fuel WHICH WILL FURTHER ENGORGE THE INFLATION DRIVING MASS.
Tax/tariff code must nurture fair trade ANd our working economy, without compulsory heavbing of equity from the machine in every single energy/equity transfer.
08:01 AM on 10/28/2011
Huh?

You need to go sleep it off, looks like.
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free reign
My country tis of thee!
07:22 AM on 10/29/2011
lol. That was pre-coffee. The economy is like a solar system in which an ever increasing black hole[Citizen United=gifted power&$] feeds itself and grows incessantly, removing all of the energy around it and exponential increasing in power & $, at the cost of anything around it. Nothing can balance its orbit against the pull of equity. Not wages, small business, fair trade, housing, food, energy, all sectors are giving up their equity/mass[wealth/debt] and to pull away must "pay and offset their debt" to be free. The bankers conjured $39,000/per citizen in ownership of our birthright to America. We owe them $39,000 upon the day of our birth. Modern day subjugation is the usurpation of our property by treasons in govt., and their despot owners.
Who gave the black hole of intl bankers this right to create debt, hoard, and profiteer, to the point where the equity removed from the economy, in and of itself carries so much power? Who recently voted to continue to allow 1 entity to, by unregulated percentage, drive oil up to pre-riot inciting levels? So, the hoarded trillions, buy the set date, futures, and demand has little to no effect. A least a minimum total consumption, is guaranteed.
06:04 AM on 10/28/2011
I like the analogy of the economy being like the human body. If money is viewed as the life-blood of an economy then it could be said that it needs to be circulating throughout ALL of the body to keep it functioning. If most of it is coagulated at the top, the body (economy) will be unhealthy and, if too much is coagulated at the top for too long, it will eventually die.

A stimulus (transfusion) would be helpful but, unless surgery is performed to relieve the cause of the coagulation (legalized bribery), the blood (money) will simply continue to coagulate at the top.
frank1946
Tell the Truth
06:03 AM on 10/28/2011
Bernstein offers USA the option of being GREECE ? A PLAN for Poverty !

Western Nations seem to have gone to default of letting Germany and China buy America !

Better to reduce Government cost by 30 % and increase productivity by 30 %. Let the middle
class keep what they Earn and Work to themselves, not Taxes and Inflation !

Bloated Government needs to get efficient and smaller !
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free reign
My country tis of thee!
06:26 AM on 10/28/2011
The corporate bloats needed to be removed.
08:03 AM on 10/28/2011
What do YOU want to cut?

How? What will replace that function? Where will all those government employees go get jobs?

Government employment should not be cut, until the demand for labor in industry is strong enough to absorb the layoffs.