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On April 2, 1917, the U.S. entered World War I. And the government didn't have time to waste while its citizens made up their minds about joining the fight. How could ordinary Americans be convinced to participate in the war "Over There," as one of the most popular songs of the era described it?
Posters--which were so well designed and illustrated that people collected and displayed them in fine art galleries--possessed both visual appeal and ease of reproduction in a variety of languages. They could be pasted on the sides of buildings, put in the windows of homes, tacked up in workplaces and resized to appear above cable car windows and in magazines.
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Hunger Breeds Madness,1918, Emil Grebs
To merge this popular form of advertising with key messages about the war, the U.S. government's public information committee formed a Division of Pictorial Publicity in 1917. The chairman, George Creel, asked Charles Dana Gibson, one of most famous American illustrators of the period, to be his partner in the effort. Gibson, who was president of the Society of Illustrators, reached out to the country's best illustrators and encouraged them to volunteer their creativity to the war effort.
Treat 'em Rough / Join the Tanks United States Tank Corps, 1918, August William Hutaf
These illustrators produced some indelible images, including one of the most iconic American images ever made: James Montgomery Flagg's stern image of Uncle Sam pointing to the viewer above the words, "I Want You for U.S. Army."
Enlist / On Which Side of the Window Are You? 1917, Laura Brey
The illustrators used advertising strategies and graphic design to engage the casual passerby and elicit emotional responses. How could you avoid the pointing finger of Uncle Sam or Lady Liberty? How could you stand by and do nothing when you saw starving children and a (fictional) attack on New York City?
You / Buy a Liberty Bond Lest I Perish, 1917, Charles Raymond Macauley
"Posters sold the war," said David H. Mihaly, the curator of graphic arts and social history at the Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens in San Marino, California, where 55 of these posters will go on view August 2.
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Step into Your Place, 1915, artist unknown
"These posters inspired you to enlist, to pick up the flag and support your country. They made you in some cases fear an enemy or created a fear you didn't know you had, Mihaly said."
Wake Up, America! Civilization Calls Every Man Woman and Child!, 1917, James Montgomery Flagg
There were certainly propaganda posters before 1917, but the organization and mass distribution of World War I posters distinguished them from previous printings, Mihaly said.
Preserve Co-operation, 1917, Carter Housh
Help the Red Cross, ca. 1917, Herman Roeg
Il Cibo Vincerà la Guerra! (Food Will Win the War!), ca. 1917, Sidney Harry Riesenberg
Teamwork Builds Ships, ca. 1918, William Dodge Stevens
If You Can't Enlist - Invest / Buy a Liberty Bond, ca. 1918, Winsor McCay
I Want You for U.S. Army, 1917, James Montgomery Flagg
Despite the passage of 100 years--as well as many wars and disillusionment about them--these posters retain their power to make you stare. Good and evil are clearly delineated. The suffering is hard to ignore. The posters tell you how to help, and the look in the eyes of Uncle Sam makes sure you do.
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