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John Merrow

John Merrow

Posted: February 23, 2011 09:31 AM

In concurrence with the launch of John Merrow's book, The Influence of Teachers, he'll be using this space as a place to discuss some central ideas explored in the book. All proceeds from the book, available on Amazon for $14.95, are being donated to Learning Matters, a 501(c)(3) organization committed to independent coverage of education. We invite you to join in the conversation by commenting on these posts or reviewing the book online!

Is the direct attack on collective bargaining for teachers in Wisconsin likely to spread around the U.S. the way the demand for democracy is spreading across the Middle East? I think it just might.

Other Republican governors, notably those in Ohio and New Jersey, have taken strong positions regarding the role of teacher unions (and in fact New Jersey Governor Chris Christie seems to be taking credit for the 'movement'). If Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker and legislature succeed in limiting or even eliminating collective bargaining, then a lot of other politicians will be emboldened.

There are a couple of points that are being overlooked or minimized in the press coverage about Wisconsin, though.

The first has to do with the hypocrisy of the governor, who is not challenging collective bargaining for the two unions that supported him: the cops and the firefighters. Why is this being reported as if it were a principled stand, when it's clearly naked politics?

And what happened to union solidarity? Do the two unions who supported the governor's election bid really believe that he won't come after their bargaining rights down the road? Is that naïve?

There have been two issues here -- pay/evaluation and collective bargaining. Wisconsin's teachers have conceded on the first, a sensible and long-overdue step. As I write in my new book, The Influence of Teachers:

It may take a hard slap upside the head, but unions are going to have to acknowledge what we all know -- that there's a relationship between teaching and learning, and therefore student learning must be part of a teacher's evaluation.


Suppose a swimming instructor told the 10-year-olds in his class to swim the length of the pool to demonstrate what he'd taught them, and half of them nearly drowned in the process? Would it be reasonable to make a judgment about his effectiveness as a swimming teacher?

Or suppose that nearly all the 10-year-olds studying clarinet for the first time learned to play five or six pieces well in a semester? Would it be reasonable to consider that when deciding whether to rehire the music teacher?

Wisconsin's union has gotten that hard slap upside the head, and it has responded. Other teacher groups ought to take notice. The days of what I think of as trade union dealing are over; teachers have to bargain for more than pay and privileges. They need to be in the forefront of connecting their evaluations with student achievement. They need to be at that table, and I believe they ought to be arguing for school-wide evaluations. If it's just teacher-by-teacher, we will end up with even more bubble testing in more subjects. If it's school-wide, then everyone -- down to custodians and secretaries -- has a personal, vested interest in student success.

Finally, I see the influence of Michelle Rhee, the former chancellor in Washington, on what's happening in Wisconsin and elsewhere. Because of Washington's unique structure, she did not have to negotiate with a school board before imposing a teacher evaluation system. She would never have been able to do that in any other district in America, she told me, which is why she believes that people in her camp must go directly to state legislatures and governors and get them to take teacher evaluation and other aspects of the job off the collective bargaining table. That will, she said, make it possible to achieve her vision of real reform.

This has the potential for becoming very nasty. As a friend asked me quizzically, "When did teachers become the enemy? What on earth is happening?"

Stay tuned.

 

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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
cdecisneros
my micro bio is empty because I went to the micro
05:21 PM on 02/24/2011
Cop and firefighters, You are next. Just like the priest in Germany who thought he was cool till they came after him and there was no one left to say anything.
04:17 PM on 02/24/2011
To try to impose a business model on the education profession is absurd.If Michelle Rhee cares so much about kids, why doesn't she go back to the classroom. Please note that the "reformers" who complain about teachers have never held the job or couldn't wait to get out of the classroom and pontificate. Nobody tells plumbers how to plumb or doctors how to doc. But everyone wants to tell teachers how to teach, usually based on their experiences as students. Those Teach for America young people, after their brief stint with students, can hardly wait to to leave the students behind and become another know-it-all. The coming teacher shortage will owe its roots to the utter contempt held for those who, day after day, grit their teeth and call on their sense of the ridiculous to serve our kids.
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teacher39years
Educational Reformers need to be "Reformed."
10:47 AM on 02/25/2011
Thank-you. You are exactly right.
12:14 PM on 02/24/2011
The analogies you present (swimming and music) are hackneyed and don't ring true. Here's why: in the skills you mention, "teaching to the test" IS the desired outcome. It is no accident that you spoke about very specific, compartmentalized skills that are generally taught by practice and drills. Only a few of the important outcomes from schooling can be taught this way. As such, either too many "third variables" come into play, making it impossible to attribute a nuanced skill such as writing on a single teacher, or, we encourage teaching to the test. Standardized tests, while needed for limited purposes, are a very distal and poor proxy for only SOME of the outcomes of schooling.
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Jprog
08:57 PM on 02/23/2011
Well, Teachers became the 'enemy' as soon as it became clear that billionaire funded for-profit educational testing and management corporations were implementing a strategy to get their filthy corrupt hands on the giant pile of taxpayer money that was going into the public education system. Public employees became the enemy right then.
08:47 PM on 02/23/2011
Yes, "there's a relationship between teaching and learning." The last figure I saw from a reputable source put in-school factors' responsibility for student test scores at somewhere between 4% and 18%.

So, to put it into context, a student could score 96% because the teacher was horrible and every other factor in the kid's life was setting him up to do well on the test. Or the student could get a 4% on the test because the teacher was fantastic, but everything else in the kid's life was dragging him down. Or somewhere in between. And pretty much anywhere the kid's score fell, we wouldn't know whether the limited influence that the school has over the test score was dragging it up or down. Yes, there's a relationship between teaching and learning, but test scores don't usually tell us anything about that relationship.

Parental factors and the student's intelligence, by contrast, account for over 60% of test score variance, according to the same book. Perhaps we're evaluating the wrong people.
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Jprog
08:53 PM on 02/23/2011
Good Call. Have you seen Diane Ravitch's book, The Death and Life of the Great American SChool System?
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sawyer0413
Corporate Learning & Performance Expert
10:12 PM on 02/23/2011
Excellent read! I will 2nd Jprog's recommendation of the book.
11:41 AM on 02/24/2011
Got it. Haven't read it yet.
08:01 PM on 02/23/2011
OK, enough of this stuff. I'm sick of talking about education. What we really ought to be outraged about is why Wall St. isn't going to jail.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/democracy-now/from-global-financial-cri_b_826823.html
07:18 PM on 02/23/2011
I totally overlooked the fact of the Police and Firefighters Union that supported Walker are not in solidarity with the other unions. By the way, there are other police and fireman's unions in the state that didn't back Walker and when off duty, take off their uniforms and join the ranks of protesters.

I wonder how much the Koch brothers donated to the police and fireman's funds, to get their support?
10:14 PM on 02/23/2011
I'm not sure it's fair to say that the Police and Firefighters unions aren't standing in solidarity. I know that the leader of the Firefighters union, at least, has come out against Walker's plan. A quick Google search turns up more evidence that unions are sticking together. The police (state troopers, to be specific) are being a little more circumspect in their support, saying they'd continue to carry out orders even if that meant using force on protesters. But then the spokesman added a caveat that he couldn't imagine such a scenario because it wouldn't "look like the United States" if that happened.
06:15 PM on 02/23/2011
I think the principal should be held responsible to see that all the students succeed. The principal should support all the teachers and if they do a good job of that, the teachers are then able to create an environment where the students can succeed. You can always tell the schools that have a supportive environment, because the teachers are happy and not living in fear. There should be little question that when the teachers are in the class, their work is being done. Teachers teach all day and thus are "on" and doing their job all day long. When you get a good principal, they are in the mix, getting their hands dirty, making the school run smoothely.
Allthosewhowander
My micro-bio is a microclimate
12:14 PM on 02/24/2011
Sadly, many principals have their own resume building agendas, so they will not get their hands dirty, or make tough decisions. Affective principals who are involved with families, students, teachers and the community are often punished because of the politics that govern education.
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bantrybay
05:35 PM on 02/23/2011
Good article thanks!
been2there
Facts have a liberal bias.
05:16 PM on 02/23/2011
Lets take another look at that swimming teacher analogy. Suppose that the kids who "nearly drowned" were the ones who had huge weights attached to them. Teachers deal with exactly that situation--if a student comes into my eighth-grade science class reading at a second grade level and refusing to do any homework, how can I get that kid up to eighth-grade level? I can't force a student to work, I can't force the parents to make a student work, and I can't scrap the rest of the class. Students are held accountable via grades--so if I can't give honest grades, how can I hold students accountable for their share of the work? Does anyone really believe that teachers should be required to have sufficient charisma to out-compete TV, video games, and popular culture?
As a teacher, I am more than happy to be held accountable for what I control--my mastery of the material, my ability to present clear and age-appropriate lessons, well-thought-out activities, and prompt and helpful feedback. In short, my teaching. The students have to do the learning!
05:34 PM on 02/23/2011
Good points. The thing is, you wont be able to improve this second grade level reader in science class, but what you might be able to do, is improve his science knowledge, from the time he stepped into your class, from the time he left. Sure, this student wont learn it all without doing homework, but he should learn something from just being in class. But expectations should not be that high and you shouldnt have to give false grades.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
SWalkerTTU
11:44 PM on 03/10/2011
We shouldn't have to, but far too often we do have to inflate grades. If we were permitted to grade on strict mastery standards, a lot of students would fail.
04:41 PM on 02/23/2011
Better analogies would be: Do we countenance surgeons to practice for a few years and then ease out those with dead patients or do we set high standards for surgeon licensure? Does the state require life guards demonstrate that they can swim before giving a license? But most state licensing exams do not require future elementary school teachers or even middle school math teachers to pass an Arithmetic test. The blame for teachers not knowing the math belongs on the state departments of education, who certify teachers as “highly qualified”.
05:36 PM on 02/23/2011
HAhahahah Doctors have a code of silence. If one screws up, no one really talks about it - especially in the same practice. They let him go on and keep slicing and dicing incorrectly, until he gets into really big trouble.
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smileylib
05:50 PM on 02/23/2011
Kalie is totally correct. Nobody covers each other a$$es more than drs.! So that's a poor analogy to use. And why do you think teachers aren't required to pass a math test? At least in MI, all teachers are required to pass a Basic Skills (including math) test before even entering a teacher prep program; then, if you're certified elementary you have to pass the elementary test in math, reading, science, arts, and health. Any teacher in MI teaching middle/high school must be certified in their content area to even be hired, whether that is math, ELA, science, social studies.
06:29 PM on 02/23/2011
As Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said (May 11 at Brookings Institution):
You all well know that it is hard to teach what you don't know. When we get to 6th, 7th, and 8th grades, we see a lot of students start to lose interests in math and science, and guess why, because their teachers don't know math and science so it is hard to really instill passion and a love for learning if you are struggling with the content yourself.

Yes, “if you're certified elementary you have to pass the elementary test in math, reading, science, arts, and health”; but it is a single test. One can skip all the math questions, but score high on the other subjects and still pass.

Maryland and a dozen other states use the absurdly low-level Praxis II Middle School Math Content Exam as a criteria for their designating "highly qualified" Middle School Math Teachers. But, middle school Math teachers get to use calculators on this exam, so no need for "highly qualified" Middle School Math Teachers to be fluent or even knowledgeable in Arithmetic.

More on my website, www.math.umd.edu/~jnd, including
“List of Articles on Teachers' limited knowledge of Math” and “A 40+ Mathematicians public letter to U.S. Secretary of Education ... ”
03:17 PM on 02/23/2011
As a teacher, who wants to go into the inner cities and poor neighborhoods and teach there? Why would a teacher want their evaluations linked with students who live in dire circumstances, without proper nutrition, supportive parents, clothing and even in some cases, a warm place to live? Let's also mention English as a second language learners. What about the fact that many teachers have to manage 40 or more students in a classroom at a time? It is hard enough teaching in a nice private school where the student teacher ratio is 10 to 1. Teaching is a challenging occupation even in the best of circumstances. Sure there are some nice schools where many teachers are blessed to be employed. However, the general public seems to think that all teaching is a cake walk and teachers have it easy. Let's call the administrators to task. They are in the process of pitting teacher against teacher through merit pay incentives and encouraging competition to see who can put in the most over time. Instead of having meetings that encourage teachers to work on streamlining curriculum or comparing what works in each others classrooms, administrators are setting up competitive environments.
05:38 PM on 02/23/2011
True. There are alot of unfit administrators and the teachers do work very hard.
03:10 PM on 02/23/2011
As a former teacher, I have to dispute the overly simplistic view that Mr. Merrow takes of teacher evaluations. If it were as simple as he states. I have no problem with looking at student achievement as a part of a teacher's evaluation, but there is so much more involved that just testing students. In Mr. Merrow's scenario, students are asked to swim the length of the pool. Are any of those students handicapped that would make it impossible to swim. Maybe several speak a foreign language and did not understand his instruction. Did parents provide time for those kids to paractice on their own? Did administration provide the support needed to keep the pool heated to a point where swimming was even doable? And finally, did the kids themselves take his instruction seriously? As the saying goes "it takes a village," and teachers don't make up the entire village. We are all responsible, including the students.
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yogfthagen
01:34 PM on 02/23/2011
A police union leader has since stated that they have retracrted their endoersement of Walker.
There have been several parades of union firefighters supporting their union brothers.
So, while the police and firefighters got off the hook on this bill, they are standing proud.
03:27 PM on 02/23/2011
The president of the International Association of Fire Fighters was in Madison yesterday with the protesters, as well. Police and fire fighters are not sitting on the sidelines.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
bessielil
trying to organize hummingbirds
05:29 PM on 02/23/2011
I'm so glad to learn this. That info hasn't been part of anything I've read. I kept wondering how it felt to be a state trooper sent to round up absent Dems, or police having to tussle with a tense clump of teachers, all of whom are public employees working under NEGOTIATED contracts.

Public schools, for all their problems, have to take everyone. Suburban schools self select their population based on economics, but it's a rare school that does not have problems. Almost every place seems to reflect a version of the Pareto Principle (80%-20%) but I would argue that in schools about 10% of the students, 10% of the teachers, and 10% of administrators are the problem. In that scenario, 90% of the population of any school are performing at C level or better. Or they would be, if left alone to flower without disturbances, interruptions, and insults from people who would not know how to manage a classroom and do not understand the job.
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therblig
Noids do not have sex with doodles.
01:21 PM on 02/23/2011
re: union solidarity. anyone who works at the local level can tell you that, sadly, police and fire unions look out for police and fire, and don't care about civilian unions or workers. or taxes necessary to pay their increases, benefits, and additional pays (uniform, off duty, etc, etc). this comes as no surprise.
08:53 PM on 02/28/2011
Having been at the protests in Wisconsin, it is evident that there is solidarity between law enforcement and firefighters and the other unions. The police and firefighters have marched with protesters when off duty. The chief of police did not force protesters to leave the capitol on Sunday, even though he was directed to do so. This is an attack on all workers, not just teachers.