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Judge H. Lee Sarokin

Judge H. Lee Sarokin

Posted: December 29, 2009 12:19 PM

End Judicial Selection by Election

What's Your Reaction:

A group led by retired Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor has begun a campaign to persuade states to choose judges by merit selection rather than by election. I heartily agree. As I said in an earlier post: Can you imagine a lawyer or litigant walking up to the bench in the middle of a trial and handing the judge a check as a campaign contribution?! Is it any less unseemly if the check was delivered a week or a month before? This is the by-product of judicial elections. The campaigns themselves have become political, demeaning and adversarial. As in any election, there are those who contribute merely to advance the candidacy of someone in whom they believe, but for many there is an expectation or a perception of a quid pro quo. How else does one explain contributions to both of two rival candidates?

Admittedly the appointment system has its drawbacks and political influence. Some validly criticize it for that reason. But I think it is a fair assumption that the appointing authority will seek qualified persons who will reflect favorably upon them. Screening systems and merit commissions have been adopted which help assure the proper qualifications. I do not mean to suggest that elected judges are necessarily unqualified or corrupt, but rather that merit selection is far superior to selection by election, since the voting public does not have the slightest idea which candidates are qualified or what are the qualifications for a good judge.

As I have said previously, there is a suggestion that elections should be retained because they make judges accountable to the people, but there should be no such accountability. Judges running for re-election are frequently judged on the popularity of their decisions. The most unpopular judge can be the very best. Judges who uphold the rights of persons accused (or convicted) of crimes are frequently maligned, but they are accountable to the Constitution and the rule of law, not some popularity contest. Judges should not be treated like American Idol contestants. One of the principal roles of the judiciary is to protect minorities against the tyranny of the majority. Election of judges reverses that noble goal and demeans the judiciary. The influence of money should have no place in our judicial system.

Note: Justice O'Connor reports that no other country elects its judges.

 
 
 
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05:41 PM on 12/30/2009
You think selections based on personal and political gain superior to those of the public?

If voters aren't qualified to select judges then they're not qualified to select people who select judges.

You think law springs form the breasts of lawyers, and needn't reflect voters' wishes? Voters may be uninformed or misinformed but what we want, however counter to precedent, or ill-advised, is all that really matters. The legal community's not some star-chamber presiding over the rest of us; its the means we use to collectively manage our cooperative efforts and facilitate peaceful coexistence.

To be blunt, its not about you, its about us. We have every right to define what is law and to select those who will be our judges and legislators according to what we want. They represent us and our interests, not "the law's." The law, too, is supposed to represent our interests. The problem with government, including the judiciary, is that our representatives feel no need to represent us; and that's why we must have the right of selection. Its the only means we have to encourage them to actually represent us, not themselves or their ideologies—this post itself is proof of that.

The constitution is the means to our ends, not the end to our means. You, like many of your brethren, don't care to understand that.
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Judge H. Lee Sarokin
Retired after serving 17 years on the federal cour
08:22 PM on 12/30/2009
LewDan - My guess is that if you asked 99% of voters to name anyone running for judicial office and to list the qualifications for that person, they would be unable to do so. I regret that you have such a poor opinion of the federal judiciary which is appointed rather than elected and in general, how the judiciary operates. The courts are bound to follow the law as enacted by representatives of the people, unless those laws violate the Constitution. I am concerned about the influence of money in judicial elections and the demeaning effect such campaigns have upon the public's perception. But I respect your view and apparently most states continue to believe in it, although there is an increasing trend toward merit commissions. I strongly disagree with your view that judges don't care about the public or public conerns. That has not been my experience in over 50 years in the law.
09:15 PM on 12/30/2009
Guilty as charged; afraid my opinion of the judiciary isn't very high. Not so much of jurists as the judicial system. Its adherence to the law and the Constitution has never been particularly strong in my experience.

And you're right about voters being uninformed. I've received ballots with over seventy judicial nominees. I don't have the few odd months to spend evaluating them.

But you've presented no arguments for appointments being superior, there are none. Money can influence appointing officials just as easily as elections. Appointing officials can be just as ignorant as any voter, more so, as they won't even try to evaluate, leaving it to staff, and may willfully ignore facts for partisan, ideological, or personal advantage.

I don't say judges are insensitive to the public, far from it, I think decisions are routinely influenced by public sentiment, judges are, after all, community members and share similar beliefs and values. And they're trained to revere the law above justice; while that serves the interests of the government and often the public, it doesn't always serve the public.

Judges should be independent and objective, but they're human and never will be. Making them even more unaccountable is a mistake. Making them unaccountable to the faceless mob they police is a big mistake. Making them accountable to powerful individuals they may need to police is an even bigger one.

There's plenty of room for improvement but change isn't necessarily improvement.
09:43 AM on 12/31/2009
Sorry to butt in, but with all due respect, we are now living in an age where judges are receiving kickbacks to keep the privatized prison system filled to maximum capacity.

IMO the individual who has faith in the US INjustice system isn't very bright, and certainly isn't paying attention.
12:12 PM on 12/30/2009
Judges are already unaccountable. State of South Dakota (ret) Jim Anderson was presented a matter of a custodial parent using the child's identity. The child at age 12, has a judgment against the cihld for a bill her parent put in the child's name. the child's credit report and law enforcement report was presented to the court. The report shows the child on her credit report has 'used' a fake social security number and alias, has opened many accounts now deliquent for the past 6 years. The custodial parent used the child's identity, a federal felony. Judge Anderson thought is was all right for the parent to use the child's identity. Senator Tim Johnson recently wrote a letter on the matter to a voter in his state. Id theft of a child is a civil matter. No Senator it is a federal criminal matter. That the State Judge negated federal law just shows corruption and nepotism. The SD Judicial Qualifications, ran by Judge Wilber was contacted, would rule on it months ago. They have never found a Judge to have violated any cannons or laws. That you have a Judge ruling on a Judge speaks for itself.

Identity theft is a federal crime Senator Johnson, and State Judges can not negate federal law. Yet this States Court did negate federal law because the Court knows they can get away with it.
Google Senator Johnson southdakotagov to view Senator Johnson's letter on id theft and Judges.
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John Galt2
My life is my own...
11:35 AM on 12/30/2009
Excellent piece. While we are at it, let's repeal the 17th amendment. Appointment of Senator's by each state's governor (as opposed to direct election of Senators) would go a long way towards rebalancing the power struggle between DC and the states.

Rather than allegiance to one's national party's interests (as can be seen in the current crop of Senate votes), Senate allegiances would be more in line with their individual state's citizens interests.
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CelticMajic
The answer lies in each of us individually
11:29 AM on 12/30/2009
"...elections should be retained because they make judges accountable to the people, but there should be no such accountability"

Sorry judge. No one is above accountabiity. Perhaps you would like to restate this....
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Judge H. Lee Sarokin
Retired after serving 17 years on the federal cour
01:14 PM on 12/30/2009
CelticMagic - I'll try. Elected (or appointed judges) are not representatives of the people as in the case of other elected officials. They should be devoid of politics and not be influenced by polls or what is or might be popular. Frequently judges must take positions and make rulings contrary to the will of the people. Their accountability is to the Constitution and the rule of law and not to public opinion. The only accountability that judges should have to the public is to follow their oath of office, so that in that sense I concede ---there is some accountability required.
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CelticMajic
The answer lies in each of us individually
02:03 PM on 12/30/2009
Thanks Judge. As you rightly express a judges accountability is to the law and their oath and not to the popularity of their decisions. The question then becomes how to enforce that accountabiity. I would value your view of that issue.
07:13 PM on 12/30/2009
"Their accountability is to the Constitution and the rule of law and not to public opinion."

No, actually their accountability is supposed to be to the Constitution and to justice and not to public opinion. That jurists have substituted "the rule of law" for justice is one reason why the public and not members of the bar must select jurists.

Only congress legislates. The precedents and rules conveniently labeled "the rule of law" are not, in fact "the law." When jurists' slavish adherence to them thwarts justice it is not because of the law, its because jurists refuse to judge. They don't want to be out there without something to hide behind.

When legal professionals start remembering that the whole point is justice, not law enforcement, then maybe they'll be more qualified to select judges than we are. But as long as we are the ones who must abide by judicial decisions, and they can't see the forest for the trees, we can't afford to leave the selection of jurists to legal professionals.
10:35 AM on 12/30/2009
While I understand the argument for replacing the election process, I would hope that these appointments would be subject to a term and not for life. Often, Judges who are appointed for life seem to become detached from those whom they judge. While appointed Judges would be free to make "unpopular" decisions protecting our rights, they would also be free to make decisions limiting our rights. Nothing illustrates this more than the immenent domain decisions by the courts in recent years. It seems more often than not, the courts have favored, and sometimes expanded, the power of governments to take private property over the objection of its owner. Its these types of decisions which worry me most about stacking the bench with Judges who are answerable to no one.
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Judge H. Lee Sarokin
Retired after serving 17 years on the federal cour
01:33 PM on 12/30/2009
dcnola - You have hit upon one of the great debates involving the judiciary----life or fixed terms. A number of states do have fixed retirement ages for judges; the federal courts do not. The fact that some courts or judges may have made bad or wrong decisions probably can happen under either life or fixed terms. I am in favor of whatever promotes judicial independence the most, but I am not strongly opposed to mandatory retirement. It assures avoiding the continuance of members sitting while physically or mentally incompetent to perform their duties, but it also looses the talents of those experienced judges and justices who could continue to make vital contributions. It is a dilemma worth discussing.
03:09 PM on 12/30/2009
Judge, I must say that I am against fixed retirement ages for Judges. In my state the age is 75, and I know a couple of excellent Judges forced off the bench due to this law. I am more of the belief that if we move to an appointed judiciary, those appointments should be for a fixed term. For discussion sake, lets say (10) years with a provision for reappointment to successive terms thereafter. While I do agree with lifetime appointments for federal judges, I feel that this should not apply to appointments for state court judges. Having a long term of appointment would allow sitting judges to better weather an ever changing political climate, and maintain their independence.
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EbonBear
opinionated hairy man
01:33 AM on 12/30/2009
Well said, sir, well said. Given that the function of the judiciary is frequently to uphold the rights of an unpopular position, electing judges is a fiasco. It turns judges from guardians against a tyranny of the majority to enforcers of it. Judges must be beholden only to the law; not to "the people", not to the whims of the mob, but only to the law.
09:54 AM on 12/30/2009
Sorry, but the laws on the books should be a reflection of the will of the people, and so too should the judge be such a reflection; consistently your argument is the same as that of conservatives wishing to mire the judiciary in perpetual ultra-conservative positions that opposes the reality of social progress.

What needs to change is not the act of electing judges, but the election system that allows special interests to purchase the judge that is most suitable to minority religious and corporate interests.
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John Galt2
My life is my own...
11:46 AM on 12/30/2009
"the laws on the books should be a reflection of the will of the people," - agree- the essence of free society.

"and so too should the judge be such a reflection" - disagree - Judges exist to impartially apply the laws passed (reflecive of the will of the people) based on precedent and legislative intent.

By your logic, as the political winds of change blow through government, judges should rule accordingly. How can society function with the expectation that the interpretation of the law will change with the election cycle?

"What needs to change is not the act of electing judges, but the election system that allows special interests to purchase the judge that is most suitable to minority religious and corporate interests."

So your preference is for a system that allows that purchasing by secular and union/government interests? That's fair?
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Judge H. Lee Sarokin
Retired after serving 17 years on the federal cour
01:43 PM on 12/30/2009
Rolo - Wow, This is the first time in my life anyone ever suggested I was advancing a "conservative" position! I certainly agree that laws should reflect the will of the people (although the Senate's 60 vote cloture Rule doesn't seem to accomplish that), but judges should not in every instance. If a judge rules in favor of a criminal defendant who has been charged with a horrendous crime, that decision may well be contrary to the will of the people, but the judge must do so if the law so compels. We are certainly in agreement with the problems posed by special interests----and indeed, those special interests are now getting involved in judicial elections (in the millions of dollars) in the hopes of electing judges favorable to their interests.That is one of the main reasons I oppose judicial elections.
10:39 AM on 12/30/2009
Not only should the election process continue for state judges but that same practice should be applied to our own Supreme Court. Our Supreme Court judges do not reflect the people of this country, the reflect the views of the President who got the most strategic appointments.

The lifetime appointments of the SC Judges should cease. We are not getting better justice because of lifetime appointments. What we have ended up with is a smaller representation of Congress with every issue getting decided on party lines.
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Judge H. Lee Sarokin
Retired after serving 17 years on the federal cour
01:55 PM on 12/30/2009
sherbug - Can you envision Supreme Court candidates running around the country giving speeches, taking campaign contributions, doing TV ads, knocking their opponents, etc. I agree that the appointments are the prerogative of the President, but they go through such a thorough investigative and vetting process followed by Senate hearings, that we can be assured of the experience, integrity and qualifications of the nominee. We may not like their judicial philosophy, but that has a way of balancing out over the years. As to life or fixed terms, that is a subject worthy of continued debate. See reply to dcnola...
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EbonBear
opinionated hairy man
09:25 AM on 12/31/2009
"Our Supreme Court judges do not reflect the people of this country"

Nor should they. It is not the job of a judge to reflect the "will of the people". If that were the case, Gitmo prisoners would still be being tortured and interracial marriage would still be banned. It is the job of a judge to apply the law to the case at hand (mutatis mutandis, obviously), not to enforce the popular will or even (as Scalia once argued) to protect the people; just to apply the law.

Quite apart from which, the doctrine of stare decisis means that the decision rendered by a court is often dictated by precedent. That was the basis of the Ricci case that caused Justice Sotomayor such problems.

Now, if you'd like to discuss whether lifetime appointments are a good thing, that's a different issue and we could have a good discussion there.
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meldah
12:43 AM on 12/30/2009
This seems like a pretty complex issue. The election process would seem to negate seeking such a impartial post. How does one promise to judge fairly a case which evokes passion. However, having biased folks appointing judges who share a point of view is equally incompatible to fairness. Merit commissions and screening systems sound interesting, but we are still relying on the ideology that is in power at the time: and what would be the term of the post? I often wish the Supreme Court were not a lifetime appointment.
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Judge H. Lee Sarokin
Retired after serving 17 years on the federal cour
01:20 PM on 12/30/2009
meldah - You are right. As I mentioned, one of the problems with appointment over election is political influence. But a number of states that have used commissions try to make them impartial or at least balanced, to remove politics as much as possible from the nomination process. Of course, political appointments are not necessarily bad. All federal judges are political appointments, but only after a very thorough screening and vetting process. Modestly speaking, I think they turn out to be a pretty good lot.
02:00 PM on 12/29/2009
Democracy immunizes against corruption. The combination of a free press and elections should purge corrupt officials. It is better than opaque appointment processes. I think we should elect more judges. I also think it is up to the press, and I include the self anointed press of the internet, to get the goods on any bad apples and make it known. You don't foil special interests in a democracy by eliminating the democracy, for God's sake! Campaign finance reform. Gotta do it. But let's not throw the baby out with the bathwater. To Justice O'Connor's observation that we are the 'only country that elects judges' I say: And the problem with that is... What? Perhaps that makes us the most democratic country in the world.
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EbonBear
opinionated hairy man
01:38 AM on 12/30/2009
And how many times have you seen ultra-conservatives railing against "activist judges overruling the will of the people"? Elections open the judiciary to the same pressures as politicians, they virtually ensure that judges will twist the law to avoid making an unpopular decision. Where you see "will of the people", I see "whim of the mob" and it is not a judge's responsibility to enforce the tyranny of the majority. A judge's duty is to the law; first, last and always, not to popular outrage or his re-election propects.
09:47 AM on 12/30/2009
And so the more conservatives appointed the better, eh?
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Judge H. Lee Sarokin
Retired after serving 17 years on the federal cour
01:58 PM on 12/30/2009
EbonBear - Just so you will know. I was one of those judges frequently tagged as "activist overruling the will of the people"!
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Judge H. Lee Sarokin
Retired after serving 17 years on the federal cour
01:23 PM on 12/30/2009
bdwoolman - I agree that an active press (and internet) can help weed out bad or corrupt judges, but that still doesn't take money out of the process. Doesn't it bother you that lawyers who appear before judges can give them money for their campaigns? Doesn't that injure the public's perception of the judiciary?