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Judith S. Beck, Ph.D.

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The How and Why of Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Posted: 06/29/10 09:00 AM ET

I don't understand why anyone would go to a psychotherapist after witnessing how they are portrayed in the media. Especially the know-it-all shrinks who are sure they are right when you agree with them and are sure they are right when you disagree with them. (In the latter case, they would probably say you are using a "defense mechanism" that prevents you from recognizing the truth.) I just cringe when I hear that.

Unfortunately, many therapists who treat actual patients are similar to those on television. This type of therapist assumes the patient's perspective is wrong, and then sets himself or herself high above the patient as an expert who knows all, and who believes that the patient has to spend years gaining insight instead of focusing on problems the patient is experiencing today.

A patient I saw on television goes to a therapist because she has to make a decision about her marriage. Instead of helping her carefully examine her values and look at the advantages and disadvantages of staying in the marriage, the TV therapist had her talk endlessly about her childhood experiences. Another patient was experiencing panic attacks. The therapist did not focus on helping the patient prove to himself that his symptoms, though very distressing, were benign. Instead she focused on the patient's dysfunctional relationship with his mother.

It's enough to drive one crazy.

Well, not all psychotherapy is the same. Some modalities have a strong evidence base that demonstrates their effectiveness. Other modalities have never been shown to be effective. Yet they continue to be practiced by psychotherapists who consider an evidence base to be unimportant.

Research over the past 30 years has shown that Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is effective for a whole range of psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, substance abuse and even (in conjunction with medication) for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It's also effective for many medical conditions, such as insomnia, obesity and chronic pain, and psychological difficulties such as couples' problems, and school and work problems.

What happens in a typical CBT session? You don't lie on a couch. You don't talk for the whole hour about whatever pops into your mind. You don't assume that you need to delve into childhood issues. Instead, you sit at a desk or a table with your therapist, who asks you at the beginning of each session what problem or problems you want help in solving. In the context of solving your current problems, you learn skills, such as how to correct your unrealistic or unhelpful thinking and how to modify your behavior to reach your goals. You and your therapist discuss what solutions you want to implement and what cognitive (thinking) and behavioral changes you want to work on between sessions.

You don't go back to childhood issues unless your problems stem from childhood and you get stuck just working in the present. Even then, you focus on changing the unhelpful ideas you developed as a result of adverse childhood events and discuss how new perspectives can help you today. CBT is a psychotherapy that just makes sense--and it works.

But consumers tend to be naive when it comes to mental health treatment, much more so than medical treatment. If you were wheezing and had chest discomfort, you would ask your doctor for the treatment that research has shown is most effective. You wouldn't want the outdated treatment that your doctor learned in medical school twenty years ago. You wouldn't necessarily want the medication that the last drug rep left for your doctor to distribute. I hope you would want the treatment that has the best chance of reducing your symptoms--and your suffering--as quickly as possible.

Need a psychotherapist? When you call for an appointment, find out whether the therapist uses evidence-based treatment. At the end of your first session (which should include a diagnostic evaluation), ask the therapist what the treatment plan will be. Make sure the plan makes sense to you. If the therapist doesn't provide you with a cogent, sensible plan, it's probably a signal that you should look for treatment elsewhere.

If you have a problem, don't let television therapists deter you from getting the help you need.

Judith S. Beck, Ph.D.
President, Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research
Clinical Associate Professor of Psychology in Psychiatry,
University of Pennsylvania
www.beckinstitute.org and www.beckinstituteblog.org

Follow Dr. Beck on Twitter: www.twitter.com/beckinstitute

 
 
 

Follow Judith S. Beck, Ph.D. on Twitter: www.twitter.com/beckinstitute

I don't understand why anyone would go to a psychotherapist after witnessing how they are portrayed in the media. Especially the know-it-all shrinks who are sure they are right when you agree with the...
I don't understand why anyone would go to a psychotherapist after witnessing how they are portrayed in the media. Especially the know-it-all shrinks who are sure they are right when you agree with the...
 
 
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10:39 PM on 07/13/2010
Sure, this article is a little biased, but given Dr. Beck's work and position, that would not be unexpected. CBT does have a lot of good research to back up its effectiveness. As a therapist myself, I have used CBT a good bit with success. However, not every client "clicks" with this approach. Rather than force CBT on to a client, I look at other good treatment alternatives that have been empirically supported by research. I will say that Dr. Beck's book, "Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond" is a very good book for those in training to become therapists.

Some people on this forum have asked for more information about CBT. There are some very good self-help books out there in a workbook format (i.e., David Burns' books, New Harbinger books). While I don't intend to "plug" my website here. I have an online workshop about CBT that you might check out. It can be found at AllAboutDepression.com. You can find the link for this workshop at the bottom of the home page.

CBT is a good therapeutic approach overall. It is easy to implement, many clients take to it very well, and they learn life-long tools for managing mood disorders, anxiety disorders, etc. I'm glad it got some attention here.

Dr.P :)
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Angel Whitebird
Invest in America..Buy a Congressman!
02:17 PM on 07/13/2010
Its like everything else in life..One size does not fit all!
10:38 PM on 07/13/2010
Sure, this article is a little biased, but given Dr. Beck's work and position, that would not be unexpected. CBT does have a lot of good research to back up its effectiveness. As a therapist myself, I have used CBT a good bit with success. However, not every client "clicks" with this approach. Rather than force CBT on to a client, I look at other good treatment alternatives that have been empirically supported by research. I will say that Dr. Beck's book, "Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond" is a very good book for those in training to become therapists.

Some people on this forum have asked for more information about CBT. There are some very good self-help books out there in a workbook format (i.e., David Burns' books, New Harbinger books). While I don't intend to "plug" my website here. I have an online workshop about CBT that you might check out. It can be found at AllAboutDepression.com. You can find the link for this workshop at the bottom of the home page.

CBT is a good therapeutic approach overall. It is easy to implement, many clients take to it very well, and they learn life-long tools for managing mood disorders, anxiety disorders, etc. I'm glad it got some attention here.

Dr.P :)
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Angel Whitebird
Invest in America..Buy a Congressman!
02:22 PM on 08/01/2010
As a patient who was Dx by my counselor as having PTSD..This sort of therapy should be tempered with modern day techniques..and of course it always depends on what kind of problem we are talking about.
08:17 PM on 07/12/2010
Multiple studies have documented the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in irritable bowel syndrome http://bit.ly/92vyNh
10:11 PM on 07/10/2010
Having done CBT and now currently doing psychoanalytic psychotherapy, I found this article to be biased and irresponsible from someone who is a therapist. I was doing CBT as a method of coping during on of my major depressions and stopped after a few months, but a few years later I decided I needed to "go deeper" and so I found a psychoanalyst. Any good psychoanalyst will tell you that psychoanalytic psychotherapy,(and especially traditional psychoanalysis where one lies on the couch)is not for everyone, and that CBT is also an option and is beneficial for some, but usually not for those who would like to get to the deeper roots of their behaviours (as I did)... Any good therapist for that matter should be aware of their primary method's limitations and benefits, and should be aware of when certain methods are more appropriate. As someone who has benefited much more from psychoanalytic psychotherapy,than CBT (because it is the BEST FIT FOR ME AS A PATIENT), I find it irresponsible to make generalized claims that CBT is the "better" therapy.

There have been many studies done that show psychoanalysis works as effectively as most mainstream medical treatments (i.e., about 80 percent of the time) for patients who have been properly selected.
See this arcticle in the Walrus Magazine from a few years back that describes very well the issues surround traditional psychoanalysis
http://www.walrusmagazine.com/articles/2005.09-culture-history-psychoanalysis/1/
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seanny53
Things fall apart, the center cannot hold
04:20 PM on 07/04/2010
I know there's good evidence for the short term effectiveness of CBT, but what about the long term? There's seems to be less evidence supporting long term improvement and cost effectiveness. I've gone through DBT myself, but I don't think there's a lot of reliable evidence about that. Worked for me, though.
05:07 PM on 07/02/2010
CBT is simplistic, oversold and of limited value. Practitioners believe this stuff works because they have a vested interest in doing so.
10:27 AM on 06/30/2010
I have recently been seeing a therapist who is trained in a technique called "Rapid Resolution Therapy." It is even better than cognitive behavioral therapy, can be used for a wide range of issues, and it has completely changed my life. I had been living in so much pain for the past nine years, I had given up hope that anything would work for me. . If you need help, you might want to look into this. It's fast and effective.
08:41 AM on 06/30/2010
Judith Beck... you sure opened a can of worms and got everybody fired up! I have needed help
through the years for bouts of depression and have wasted so much time and money with these
therapists that just sit there and listen, while I ramble on and on about whatever pops in my head.
I've come to conclusion on several occasions that the therapist was more screwed up than me!
I like your approach because my biggest problem is replaying negative thoughts over and over in
my mind. To learn how to recognize and control my thoughts would be very helpful and it makes
sense. I have a poor opinion, in general, about therapists due to my experiences with them. So
speaking as a patient, I found your article very helpful... thank you. I also find it interesting that
most of the negative responses on this post, are from other "therapists", not consumers.
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Tee McDonald
07:39 PM on 07/11/2010
Fanned for this, from someone who has felt shortchanged even mishandled by therapists. There are a lot of very bad ones out there. Take your time and evaluate multiple ones if you are looking for help. Realize there are a lot of frogs. CBT sounds practical and doable for those of us with problems worsened by depression, etc. The magic pill isn't the answer. Some of us need a strategy and plan for helping us recover from a fall. Find what and whom you think will work for you and then commit with everything you've got.
12:04 AM on 06/30/2010
this is a blatantly biased article (with a clear economic investment) that does not take into account that psychodynamic/psychoanalytically-based therapists have evolved tremendously over the last 50 years and train rigorously, both to learn the evolution of psychology/psychoanalysis and to learn about themselves. CBT might be appropriate for someone and can be incorporated in psychodynamic therapy, but assuming that every patient is psychologically equipped for this kind of intervention is ignorant. psychodynamic therapists take into account where each patient is developmentally and design each course of therapy for each person. are there bad psychodynamic therapists? yes. are there bad CBT therapists? yes. trust your instincts. go with someone you trust. insurance companies have a vested interest in encouraging 'evidence-based-treatment' because it's less expensive, but psychoanalytically based therapists are generally must more broadly--and much more--trained.
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JohnJacobJingleheimer
02:51 AM on 06/30/2010
Actually what you are saying makes some good sense, as a training therapist myself in the CBT method. Getting related to, or 'joining' with your client is of the utmost importance in therapy, especially at the beginning. The room is about the client, not about the therapist's theories, training, ego, or thesis. Listening intently and actively to each person you see requires a compassionate and open interpretation of what is important to them in their wellness, and what will work to have them achieve it. That doesn't mean a trained CBT specialist will suddenly veer to psychoanalysis based on the client's personality, but the author makes a slight error when she says ask the therapist what the treatment will be after session one - often it takes a few sessions for a caring therapist to devise an effective, and personal, intervention plan for each client. A better suggestion I think is to ask a potential therapist what training they have had, what or whom they specialize in, and what, if any, is their most typical approach: cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic etc, and see, first of all, if the therapist can answer you in a way that is clear to you, in that they can briefly and succinctly explain how they generally work. And whether or not they are a good match for you personally. Some clients prefer to 'talk' in their sessions. Some prefer to 'act out' their feelings. A good therapist designs an intervention that will help you best.
10:48 PM on 06/29/2010
CBT Criticism, courtesy of that old reliable Wikipedia:
"CBT has come under fire from non-CBT therapists who claim that the data does not fully support the extent of attention and funding it receives, and that the limitations of the CBT model when used to blanket-address psychological suffering are unrecognized. Psychotherapist and professor Andrew Samuels stated that this constitutes, "a coup, a power play by a community that has suddenly found itself on the brink of corralling an enormous amount of money. Everyone has been seduced by CBT's apparent cheapness."
Presenters at a psychotherapy conference in July, 2008 criticized the increased spending on CBT and the widespread belief that CBT is more effective than other forms of psychotherapy. In this conference professors issued a joint statement, which briefly stated:
As more research focuses on CBT, more studies are published on CBT. This reinforces the logical error that CBT is superior and this has a direct negative effect on other forms of therapy, which are well documented but have smaller bodies of research.
People who get therapy improve substantially, regardless of the type of therapy they get. When therapies are compared to one another, they usually appear to be equally effective.
Excessive spending on CBT and discouraging other forms of therapy hurts the public.
At the same conference, professors presented their unpublished meta-analysis of more than 80 studies where person-centered psychotherapy was shown to be as effective as other forms of psychotherapy, including CBT."
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GinaCucina
Don't trust everything you believe.
03:11 AM on 06/30/2010
First of all, nobody with any research credentials uses Wikipedia as a citation. Wikipedia is written by anyone who wants to contribute, and therefore, it is not peer reviewed.

Second, no form of therapy is "right" for all people or all situations or all diagnoses. If CBT works (and it does for many people), then why not use it... whether alone or in combination of other therapies? Isn't the end result to help the client feel better? All of this discussion here simply sounds like professional in-fighting. Meanwhile, the clients (or patients, if you will) are left on the sidelines. The fact remains that not all people do get better no matter what therapy they use. My son, in fact, got substantially worse until we found the appropriate treatment FOR HIM.
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healthy blogging
10:08 PM on 06/29/2010
There are a variety of treatment methods employed by therapists to treat patients suffering from mental distress or illness and it is important to find one best suited to the individual's needs. I believe that the mind is where the problem essentially lies and it is within the mind that healing will begin. When a person is taught how to reason out his/her situation (cognition) then he/she will be in a better position to challenge illogical notions and beliefs. Additionally, if he/she learns how to modify their behavior in response to whatever it is they are experiencing then it can also help them to overcome whatever stressor he/she is dealing with. You may learn how CBT can be useful improving your mental health by reading this article.

http://www.livingfithealthyandhappy.com/2009/12/cognitive-behaviour-therapy-skills-to-help-yourself-in-six-weeks.html

I believe that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) puts individuals in a position of control over their lives.

-healthy_blogging

Published daily, "Living Fit, Healthy and Happy" is a family-friendly health and wellness resource website with articles on fitness, anti-aging, obesity, diabetes, eating disorders, cardiovascular and respiratory health, mental illness and many other health related issues. There's always something for you at "Living Fit, Healthy and Happy".

Living Fit, Healthy and Happy
The website for people who are SERIOUS about leading a healthy life!

http://www.livingfithealthyandhappy.com
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GnosisMan
08:46 PM on 06/29/2010
just pinching for CBT
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oMeoMi
08:57 PM on 06/29/2010
Don't pinch too hard.
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oMeoMi
08:39 PM on 06/29/2010
I totally agree. Having been a consumer of many types of 'talk therapy' over the years, the only one ever worked for me was cognitive behavior therapy - about 10, 1 hr sessions over a 3 month period. Problems went away soon after and for past 10 years have had no desire for any kind of additional therapy or desire to even read a self help book(prior to this I was like a therapy and self-help junkie). I don't even know what changed in me as a result of that therapy but something did and I am grateful.
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ColoradoCool
Proud Liberal, Graduate Degree, Mother, Grandmothe
08:43 PM on 06/29/2010
Glad you found something that worked for you. IFS (Internal Family Systems) therapy is working for me. I can certainly relate to your search though.
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oMeoMi
08:56 PM on 06/29/2010
Thing is not everybody is the same or has the same problems so some things may work better for some people then for others. It has been a long time but I think negative self talk was one of the things that went away after this therapy - I mean 100% went away.
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ColoradoCool
Proud Liberal, Graduate Degree, Mother, Grandmothe
08:37 PM on 06/29/2010
I am a major depressive, adult child of an alcoholic and recovering addict/alcoholic with twenty four years clean and sober. Needless to say, recovery has been a long process of self discovery and hard work.

After staying sober in AA for a number of years, I found I had some problems that I wasn't able to address in AA. I tried several kinds of therapy and generally found the therapists I saw to be more screwed up than I was. I finally found a therapy that not only produces healthy therapists who have done their own work but actually affects real internal healing. It's called Internal Family Systems. Find a good therapist who specialized in IFS and check it out if you need some therapy. You won't be sorry.
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nmaddog7
08:12 PM on 06/29/2010
I have had chronic pain for 10 years, pain everyday all the time. Because Docs don't treat pain because addicts are using up most of pain docs time these days, most pain patients are referred to cognitive pyschologists. They try to make this cognitive psychology seem scientific, it is not, it simply is a overpaid hack who tells you to relax by doing breathing exercises, meditations, visualizations, time and stress management, telling you to write a pain diary so you can find out what causes pain(as if you aren't able to figure this out), and just telling you repeatledly to stop negative thinking(while pretending that negative thinking is something completely unnatural)
I have never met worse psychologists in my 10 years of trying to get help. All the "techniques" they teach and charge good money for can easily be downloaded of the 'net for free.
My pain was diagnosed as a rare disease a year ago, and I was introduced to a community of people with Chiari (includes Johnny Cash's daughter) and it is well known that cognitive psychologists are the people that docs send you to when they've done minimal testing and still can't figure the cause out, they are the ones the diagnose Somatoform(a disease in which one is making up symptoms in head) so you can't go back and sue original negligent doctor for malpractice.
Doctora are as cruel and terrible as they were 60 years ago,new tech doesn't solve the institutional problems which encourage ignorance.