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Kenneth R. Miller

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America's Darwin Problem

Posted: 02/10/2012 3:42 pm

America's got a Darwin problem -- and it matters. According to a 2009 Gallup poll taken on the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth, fewer than 40% of Americans are willing to say that they "believe in evolution." When another study asked if humans had developed from earlier species of animals, the American public split right down the middle. 40% said they had, while 39% rejected any suggestion that our species had emerged from the process of evolution. Even more worrisome is the fact that rejection of evolution correlates closely with political views, with a majority of the members of one of our major political parties casting themselves as Darwin rejectionists. In this election year, the strength of anti-evolution sentiment has been on full display in the presidential race, as one candidate after another declared their distrust of the scientific consensus around evolution. One member of the group, however, broke ranks with the others and boldly declared, "I believe in evolution and trust scientists on global warming." How'd that turn out for him? Jon Huntsman's early exit from the race confirmed something else he said at the time. "Call me crazy" for trusting science, he tweeted. And sadly, it looks like he was right.

You might think that since Americans are a practical, pragmatic people, this is an issue that would turn on the weight of the evidence. It's not. In an age of molecular genomics, it is ever more apparent that the fingerprints of evolution are pressed deeply into human DNA, just as they are into the genomes of every other organism. Biologists understand this, and so do students who study the science of life. Whether conservative or liberal, fundamentalist or agnostic, the more students learn of biology, the more they accept evolution. So, why does public acceptance matter if the students who actually go into science see the evidence for evolution so clearly?

This is the heart of our Darwin problem. Significant numbers of Americans have come to regard the scientific enterprise as a special interest group that rejects mainstream American values and is not worthy of the public trust. Governor Rick Perry of Texas spoke to this view when he claimed that "There are a substantial number of scientists who have manipulated data" to their own benefit. Why? Perry was clear about this. It's personal greed. Scientists cheat "so that they will have dollars rolling in to their projects." Perry is hardly alone in his effort to depict scientists as greedy outsiders, "scamming the American people right and left" in the words of one Fox News commentator.

In American today, anti-evolutionism matters because it has become the vanguard of a genuine anti-science movement. To be sure, opposition to evolution isn't new. State laws against the teaching of evolution actually go back nearly a century, and the famous Scopes trial took place 87 years ago. However, if you thought such things were behind us, guess again. Laws designed to encourage the teaching of non-scientific "alternative" theories to evolution were introduced in 11 state legislatures last year. This year, Darwin's 203rd birthday, on February 12th, will see an anti-evolution bill, already passed by the Indiana State House of Representatives, awaiting action in the State Senate. Its fate there is uncertain, but there are plenty of reasons to be concerned.

Our Darwin problem is really a science problem. The easier it becomes to depict the scientific enterprise as a special interest immersed in the culture wars, the easier it becomes to reject scientific findings. We see this everywhere in American culture and politics today, from the anti-vaccine movement to the repeated assertion that global warming is a deliberate "hoax" rather than a straightforward conclusion driven by reams of scientific data. Sometimes this is done for deliberate political reasons, to secure advantage for a particular industry or financial group, but just as often it is motivated by fear of the implications of what science has discovered or might discover in the future.

Our Darwin problem matters for two reasons. First, it threatens the future of American scientific leadership in an increasingly competitive world. Convince enough young Americans that science is a close-minded system with a particular cultural and political agenda, and we will cede leadership to emerging countries that don't share our Darwin hang-ups, and see science as the wave of the future. If you doubt this is happening today, look at the graduate programs of America's research universities, still the greatest in the world. Increasingly, they are filled with bright, eager, creative students from around the world, taking places that American students just don't seem interested in filling. Once trained, they will become the scientists of the future, while more and more of our own students have been persuaded that science has nothing to offer them. If this doesn't change, scientific discovery will increasingly become something that happens elsewhere.

Second, and in my view just as important, our problem with science constrains and narrows our views and vision of the world. My personal concern for those who hold that view isn't just that they are wrong on science, wrong about the nature of the evidence, and mistaken on a fundamental point of biology. It's that they are missing something grand and beautiful and personally enriching.

Evolution isn't just a story about where we came from. It's an epic at the center of life itself. Far from robbing our lives of meaning, it instills an appreciation for the beautiful, enduring, and ultimately triumphant fabric of life that covers our planet. Understanding that doesn't demean human life -- it enhances it. We may be animals, but we are not just animals. We are the only ones who can truly appreciate, as Darwin put it, that there is "grandeur in this view of life," and indeed there is. To accept evolution isn't just to acknowledge the obvious -- that the evidence behind it is overwhelming -- it is to open one's eyes to the endless beauty that life has generated and continues to produce. It is to become a knowing participant, in the truest sense, in the living world of which we are all a part.

 
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07:22 PM on 03/08/2012
Good heavens (literally!)!! I am a Brown graduate, a Presbyterian Minister of the Word and Sacrament, a believing Christian, and the evidence for life evolving on Earth isn't just overwhelming; it is happening all around us daily. What do we mean when we say bacteria builds up immunities to vaccines and we have to change vaccines? We watch colonies of small rodents on highway medians develop into sub-species in just the life of the Interstate Highway System. And Darwin helped free the Bible from literalism to understanding it in the context of which it was written. The beauty, depth, and meaning of the Bible only becomes real when it is read as it was written: not read as something it is not. The 40% figure is not just bad news for science; it is bad news for Biblical scholarship and for faith itself. I grieve!

Lawrence A. Jones, '72
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Carl Klapper
The Cassandra of American Politics
01:52 PM on 02/24/2012
One word which is more likely than literal exegesis to give people pause in giving a blank check to anybody who might hide behind the word "evolution": eugenics.
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taoistpunk
because the monks wouldn't have me..
09:05 AM on 02/29/2012
oh, i don't know. i'd like to see the data on that one.

i would bet that if you survey the internet generation half the people who happily lob words like "nazi" at one another couldn't even give a basic definition of it.

it seems to me the majority of the people who cry out eugenics are already literalists just looking for a way to demonize "darwinists." ask others (or for that matter even the very same cynical alarmists) how religiously they avoid genetically enhanced food, or even if they would omit certain genetic diseases from their family if they could and you'll find most people are for "improved genetics."

it's a brave new world out there, brother. with enough xanex it feels like xanadu and all that tiresome thinking just slows you down and gets in the way of enjoying life..
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CaptainZero1969
Reality has a liberal bias.
12:55 AM on 02/23/2012
What a sad state of affairs. A large proportion of our countrymen either don't understand the provisional nature of scientific inquiry or view it wrongly as a negative. The scientific method is the most powerful analytic tool human kind has yet devised. It is competitive, rewards success and self-corrects errors.

They also misunderstand the word Theory. Scientists don't mean some crackpot idea you tell your bar buddies about. A Theory isn't a fact. A Theory explains a fact. Gravity is a fact and the theory of gravity explains it, yet we don't see many gravity deniers falling all over themselves in republican primaries to prove who believes in gravity the least.

At its root, their objection is misguided religious hooey.
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dim
one in a can
09:55 AM on 02/21/2012
What do you expect from a religulous country whose scripture starts with the message that knowledge is a devilish enterprise?
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Carl Klapper
The Cassandra of American Politics
02:40 PM on 02/24/2012
I read "In the Beginning, God created the heavens and the earth." There is no bad-mouthing knowledge there. Are you referring to "the knowledge of good and evil"? That would be morality and that certainly IS a devilish enterprise. Morality is used to enslave ("jail") and murder ("execute") people. Morality is used to subjugate the people, allowing those with the knowledge of good and evil to be like gods until those who hold greater knowledge of good and evil grab power from them and become the new ethical kings of the hill.
05:40 PM on 02/19/2012
You know, for a bunch of people who consider themselves "educated" adults, regardless if you are a Creationist or a Evolutionist, you don't act very mature in this debate. All I hear is a bunch of slander, and denouncing one another. I thought as human beings, whether from primate or God, we were better than that.

Just saying.
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Sean Curran
08:05 PM on 02/23/2012
There is no such thing as an "evolutionist". Nor is there a "Gravityist".
01:41 PM on 02/24/2012
The reason the comments appear to be "slander" and "denouncing" to you, is precisely due to the fact that they are made by people who are educated adults. Evolution is not a good idea. It has stood the test of a century and a half of the scrutiny of the scientific method. Those who choose to read about science don't "believe" in evolution any more than we "believe" in gravity.

We shouldn't have to give due respect to mythology in a discussion of science.
02:43 PM on 02/18/2012
The philosopher of science, Karl Popper, once asserted that "The whole idea behind science is to learn how to make mistakes as quickly as possible." The acknowledgement of error is very important for science. I think 21st century evolutionary theory is separable from 19th century Darwinism. In this sense evolution as a theory has also evolved, not in a naturalistic sense, but as a scientific paradigm. Darwinism and 19th century scientific hypotheses have all been supplanted by other evolutionary paradigms that either reformulate or replace earlier theories . In any case, one can hold a strong view of evolution as a whole and still reject naturalistic presuppositions about the accidental genesis of life. Science is not an all or none proposition; it's finding are always provisional. I do not believe that science has (or should have) a cultural agenda though I acknowledge that many scientists (as individuals) might. But when you say (as the author of this piece does) that evolution opens one's eyes to "endless beauty" you have made as unscientific a judgment as any fundamentalist claiming that Darwin was the devil. Evolution is a scientific theory and like all theories rests on induction. Accordingly, science deals with probability not certainty. To reduce a theory to a certitude does disservice to science; unless, of course, you hold that science, like religion, is "dogmatic" .
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CaptainZero1969
Reality has a liberal bias.
01:01 AM on 02/23/2012
Very well put!
03:15 AM on 03/10/2012
A few points...
Science relies on inductive AND deductive reasoning. More importantly, it relies on facts, predictions and peer review. Evolution does not derive from probability. It is based on an enormous amount of empirical data. Frankly, there is more hard data that supports evolution than any other theory in science. It is not a matter of opinion or conjecture.

While no scientist worth his salt would claim jurisdiction over truth, certain theories in science can comfortably be held as "truths", such as the heliocentric model of the solar system, the theory of gravity and the theory of evolution. There is such a preponderance of evidence for each that it is allowable to view them as "facts" while always leaving open the possibility of newer information changing that perspective.

I would caution against, however, making statements such as you have that imply a "supplanted" form of evolution. That is simply not the case. Though there have been debate and subsequent advancements concerning the details of the evolutionary process (i.e. punctuated equilibrium), Darwin got the idea right the first time. Molecular data shows EXACTLY what Darwin predicted when describing the so-called tree of life model of the animal/plant kingdom.
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f0rTyLeGz
Everything is falling.
12:10 AM on 02/18/2012
I am an old man now, and I recently got in touch with an old college pal from my school days back in the early 60s. To my amazement he has become an anti-science, global warming denier. He doesn't trust scientists, and he thinks they lie to get grants. He doesn't trust flu shots even. He seems to believe that scientists think that they know "everything."
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10:27 PM on 02/22/2012
All that scheming to get grants for a department or a particular piece of research; the researcher doesn’t get a big fat raise every time he gets a grant (in fact, very seldom). Science careers are not good options for getting rich, and very few enter them with wealth in mind.
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Tmiley
Science is the greatest accomplishment of man.
07:50 PM on 02/17/2012
I have been reading some of the posts and there is still the problem of using the term Theory. A scientific theory is a very great thing in science. It is made up of many True Facts and one can make predictions from it. There is a big difference in the word Theory and Scientific Theory. Too many people in the United States do not know the difference and that is sad.
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10:30 PM on 02/22/2012
Many confuse “theory” with “hypothesis.” The distinction is frequently pointed out, often to the same people over and over. Anti-science people hate it when you do that; it breaks up the rhythm of their rote responses.
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CaptainZero1969
Reality has a liberal bias.
12:58 AM on 02/23/2012
Absolutely right, TM.
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Tmiley
Science is the greatest accomplishment of man.
07:37 PM on 02/17/2012
I have been teaching science for 40 years and wish Americans were more science literate. I think religion has damaged our civilization. Religion has been with us for over 30,000 years when man had to invent Gods to explain the unexplainable. A lot of those explanations are being discovered through the process of science, but man will not let go of their parents outdated beliefs. I am not at war with God because most of the evidence about the universe points to a godless one. There is no intelligent force controlling anything. Reality is made up of natural physical laws and complete randomness. We now believe that there are many universes with their own physical laws. By chance, we are in one that produces animals that can ask, Who are we and where did we come from??
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Carl Klapper
The Cassandra of American Politics
02:48 PM on 02/24/2012
Politics has damaged our civilization. Religion has been one of its few humanizing and healing influences. Also, Religion is based on faith, not belief. That is a crucial distinction; it is between practice and mouthing words, between forming communities and gaining control, between love and power.
03:34 PM on 02/24/2012
Religion and greed have damaged politics. Religion itself has killed more people in the history of mankind than anything else. How is that "humanizing and healing"?
05:15 PM on 02/17/2012
People need to understand the teachings of their church better. The teaching of the Catholic church for example permits its members to believe that Adam and Eve could have been created by evolution. It teaches that we must believe that we all came from Adam and Eve though and that they were the first humans to be given souls. God is truth and science helps reveal it. The Catholic church is a very strong supporter of science and education. It always has been and always will.
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taoistpunk
because the monks wouldn't have me..
08:22 AM on 02/18/2012
even biblical literalism that isn't completely literal eventually runs into some very real scientific and/or theological problems.

was it that before adam and eve there were other humans that had no souls? or that both their parents were pre-humans that gave birth to children with the astronomically unlikely, exact same mutations so that adam and eve were both the first humans? and what would that arbitrarily defined slight variation from the last generations that engenders souls be?

and shall we also expect to someday find the fossil remains of walking, talking snakes in the sands of iraq?

and what natural evolutionary process do you suppose led to only one tree in the world bearing fruit that creates knowledge of good and evil in those that eat it, and another singular tree in the same grove that generates immortality?

and were there no other animals in that area of the world that saw the trees and felt the slightest bit peckish?

and if we evolved self awareness what was the fruit for?

and if there was no fruit or walking, talking snake, what was the original sin?

don't get me wrong, i think that the thinking of the catholic church is more evolved than most fundamentalist protestantism. and i appreciate the catholic church "permitting" some flexibility of belief.
it's just that the present they've given, if you hold it up and shake it a little, feels like another empty box with pretty wrapping.
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07:22 PM on 02/28/2012
what was the original sin?

some would say self-sufficiency. though they would probably describe it as "saying we don't need god" or "saying that humanity, not god, is responsible for..." salvation, redemption, happiness, what-have-you.

damn good point of piratecapt's, that people should understand the teachings [of their church] better. one better is to understand any teaching, and the purposes it can serve. i'm an educational idealist and my quandary is: do we actually have to depend on "the people" actively desiring critical reasoning skills at a young age? or a vast majority of parents wanting such for their children? i was pretty lucky to get a unit of rhetoric at age 10. i shudder to think of how many millions aren't even given the opportunity to grasp it any way other than intuitively (which is closer to an accidental blessing, not to devalue it of course).
03:13 AM on 02/19/2012
The Catholic church tells us that the bible is not a science book. There are many things that it doesn't explain and our church tells us that. God hasn't revealed everything about creation as well as many other things to us. Not everything in the bible is written to be taken literally. But it makes sense that God would give us one truth and not so many different versions of it. And so he did send his son to give us more truth and to establish one church with the Holy Spirit to guide it, along with Peter to head it up and with the apostles with their line of authority to teach, that was given them by Jesus and has continued on with all Catholic Bishops and our Pope. It makes sense He would give us a pope (one person of authority) that could not deceive or be deceived on teachings of faith and morality. An organization needs an authority otherwise everyone keeps splitting away with their own truth. To find truth everyone should make the effort to try and understand the bible where it says upon this rock I build my church. Many people misinterpret the bible. Only the Catholic church can interpret the bible because only it has the authority and ability that was given it by God. Every church that split away from that one true church would be just like you and me making up our own church.
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10:34 PM on 02/22/2012
If God gave us only one truth, why didn’t he do a better job of enlightening us all as to which one that was?
12:47 AM on 02/23/2012
First off there can only be one truth. It would be irrational for there to be more than one truth. God has revealed many truths to us but He has not revealed everything to us. Many truths can be learned thru science. Some things may never be revealed to us or all of us during our time on earth. The Catholic church is the greatest supporter of science too. The Catholic church is never opposed to truth because all truth is from God and His truth is revealed through Science and thru His word and thru His church.
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03:15 PM on 02/17/2012
Darwin relied on 19th century Newtonian science. His theory is just part of what will become the
newer cosmic theory. ITOE, Information theory of everything. It will join the mystical with the
sub atomic. So Darwins primitive theory will have a place along with the infinite absolute.
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Maezeppa
Happy-Happy Joy-Joy
04:17 PM on 02/17/2012
No, it won't join the "mystical".  Science is about understanding material phenomena in material terms.
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08:37 PM on 02/17/2012
That's good to know.
03:11 PM on 02/17/2012
Yes we have a religion and education problem. Not a small one a large problem is what we have.

Believe the bible or anything else you want and evolution is still there and it does not really conflict unless you are basically insane.

Evolution is at work all the time. It is nothing to do with Charles Darwin the person, it is just there obvious as a variegated rose.

Normal religious people do not have a problem with this. But we have so many crack pot religious freaks here in the USA that the dark ages are possibly ready to return.

People who believe nothing much are safer as they do not have ideas but are ignorant as cows. People who know better than reality are really dangerous. Jesus what does Jesus have to do with this?
Syllogizer
Barely Left of Pobedonostsev
02:31 PM on 02/17/2012
"We may be animals, but we are not just animals. " -- if only more of the advocates of science education (including evolution) actively took this point of view!

But in reality, they do not. Their failure to do so is a large part of the real reason why so many Americans shut their ears to them.
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GhostOfFDR
Your micro-bio is too brilliant to be approved
01:14 PM on 02/24/2012
Or perhaps the ones that shut their ears are satisfied with being "just animals."
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09:07 PM on 02/28/2012
or "animals who think they are just."
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johnrf
01:01 PM on 02/17/2012
A part of the problem is how this question is asked. No one gets to choose whether or not to "believe" in evolution. You might as well ask someone if they believe in gravity or rain or dirt. The question should be, "do you understand the theory of evolution?". Sadly in America only 40 percent understand (or admit they understand).

My suspicion is that of the 60 percent that say they don't believe in evolution, many are lying because they cannot figure out a way to still pretend they believe in god and admit that they understand the theory of evolution. No matter what some so-called enlightened religious leaders say there is really no good way to reconcile religion and science.

I recently came across the term, "extreme atheist", which is someone who not only does not believe in god but does not believe that anyone else does either. This idea makes sense when you think about all the self-proclaimed Christians who hate their enemies, hate children and denigrate and mock the poor. They can call themselves Christians if they want but, if you read the New Testament, they are not really followers of Christ. As Bill Maher has said, they are more fans than followers of Jesus.
12:33 PM on 02/17/2012
Evolution is like any other religion. It must be believed on faith. It is called a theory. A theory is something not proved. But man's ego will not let him believe that he is not the the universe does not revolve around him.

“Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually they will believe it”

Adolf Hitler

"The impossibility of conceiving that this grand and wondrous universe, with our conscious selves, arose through chance, seems to me the chief argument for the existence of God."
Charles Darwin
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taoistpunk
because the monks wouldn't have me..
08:11 PM on 02/17/2012
evolution is like any other religion is the lie, and you keep saying it.
your description of theory, rather than scientific theory is a lie, and you keep saying it.
it is the religious model, not the scientific one that says the unvierse revolves around us, but you'll keep telling that lie too, won't you?

you've shown yourself to be a big fan of adolf, no wonder you're so pleased to quote him..

also, partial quotes that imply something other than what was actually said are lies. below are a few extra bits of his comment to put your lie in context:

"But I may say that the impossibility of conceiving that this grand and wondrous... but whether this is an argument of real value, I have never been able to decide. ....but here again I see how poor an argument this is. The safest conclusion seems to be that the whole subject is beyond the scope of man’s intellect....
-darwin

it is not surprising that some may believe in an ultimate truth, it is only surprising that those who claim it seem most likely to base their arguments on lies..
11:22 PM on 02/22/2012
You're misinformed about what a theory is as it applies to The Theory of Evolution. It does not describe conjecture. It is not a hypothesis. Look it up.

The quote you attribute to Hitler is actually form Goebbels. Look it up.

The quote you cite from Darwin is misleading. He actually went on to say that this wasn't a valid argument. Look it up.