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Lawrence Lessig

Lawrence Lessig

Posted: January 22, 2010 03:15 PM

Institutional Integrity: Citizens United and the Path to a Better Democracy

What's Your Reaction:

Whatever else one believes about the Supreme Court's decision striking down limits on corporate speech in the context of political campaigns, there's one thing no credible commentator could assert: That money bought this result. We can disagree with the Court's view of the Framers (and I do); we can criticize its application of stare decisis (as any honest lawyer should); and we can stand dumbfounded by its tone-deaf understanding of the nature of corruption (as anyone living in the real world of politics must). But we cannot say that somehow, the influence of money has produced this extraordinary result. The Court jealously guards its own institutional integrity. Two hundred years of careful doctrine, defining the economy of influence under which it does its work, has produced an institution whose decisions we can disagree with strongly, but whose integrity we can't fairly doubt. Maybe liberal or conservative politics sometimes gets too much mixed with constitutional law. But money is no where even close.

Thursday's decision by the Supreme Court denies to Congress the same institutional integrity enjoyed by the Court. The vast majority of Americans already believe that money buys results in Congress. This Court's decision will only make that worse. The Wall Street bailouts, the caving to insurance and pharmaceutical interests in health care reform, the ability of coal companies to stop Congress from addressing even profoundly important questions like global warming leads most to the view that it isn't reason or even constituent politics that determines what Congress does or doesn't do. It is instead the siren of campaign funding. Now a second siren walks onto that stage, promising, ever so indirectly, more campaign support from corporate treasuries. Who could doubt that this will further distract Members of Congress from what their constituents want? And who could believe it won't make Americans even more cynical about what Congress does?

The institutional integrity of Congress is already at a historical low. Less than one quarter of Americans have faith in this institution. Three times that have faith in the Supreme Court. If there's such a thing as political bankruptcy, then Congress is bankrupt. More Americans likely supported the British Crown at the time of the revolution than support our Congress today.

Yet despite the Court's decision, there is still one possible way that Congress could redeem itself. Following the examples of Arizona, Maine and Connecticut, Congress could enact a voluntary, opt-in system of Citizen Funded Elections that would give Members the chance to run for office without this integrity-destroying dependency on private campaign cash. One bill currently introduced in Congress would give candidates a grubstake to fund their campaigns, plus the freedom to raise unlimited amounts of money in $100 contributions or less. In exchange, Members would give up the bundling of large contributions by the buyers of influence.

This change alone might not be enough to restore faith in this failing institution. The rumblings in favor of a constitutional amendment, or even a convention to consider a range of amendments, are growing. The fears that private money will overwhelm even an adequately funded public system are fair.

But fear of failure is no reason not to act, quickly and forcefully, to restore the integrity that this central institution of American democracy has lost. For whatever else the Framers were trying to do, they were not trying to establish a comedy at the core of their democracy. Nor the tragedy that this Congress has become.

Visit change-congress.org to learn more.

 
 
 

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11:02 AM on 01/25/2010
President Obama had a great opportunity to set an example for this very proposition, but decided to opt-out of a publicly-financed campaign when he realized he could get more from private donations. Now he wants to back legislation to force on other candidates do what he wasn't willing to do himself.
11:28 AM on 01/25/2010
Edit: "force on other candidates what he wasn't willing to do himself." Sorry for the typo.
12:42 AM on 02/22/2010
I'm sorry, but I think you've got Obama's position wrong. First, he was a cosponsor of public campaign finance legislation as a senator.

Second, he didn't participate in the public campaign finance system for his presidential run because he rightly said that system was broken. The solution is not to make politicians participate in a flawed system, but to make it in their interest to participate. If we had an adequately funded presidential system, as we presently do not, then politicians will willingly partake and relieve themselves of the burdens of constant fundraising.

It's my understanding that the administration supports citizen funded elections. But we have to have a system that works if politicians are going to opt-in to it. To paraphrase from Butch Cassidy and The Sundance Kid: if they paid me as much as they're paying them to stop me from robbing him, I'd stop robbing him.
10:53 AM on 01/25/2010
I love change-congress.org- but institutional integrity of this court? You have got to be kidding.
I know we all need to be speaking with one voice to oppose this democracy-killing decision. Widespread negative reaction to it can be found at WakingPlanet.blogspot.com and I also will be documenting the organizations fighting this and how we can act to protect our democracy. Also check out the photo-shopped picture of SCOTUS there.
10:49 PM on 01/24/2010
Forget it Lawrence,

Liberals can't believe they lost fair and square. Ever.

I agree with you except for the reality that stare decisis is one of the most destructive thing in our legal system and we need to stop accepting it at the SCOTUS level. At this level, they must decide based on the actual Constitution, not based on a pile of decisions which may or may not have been decided properly and generally sum together to create a gross violation of the Constitution.

They must also disregard any damage created by defeating a law. Or else the Constitution will not be served. Because, as you imply, it's CONGRESS that is the problem. Not SCOTUS overturning bad law. Or even a "good" law that is not, itself, legal.
09:03 PM on 01/24/2010
"there's one thing no credible commentator could assert: That money bought this result"

Why? I think it is quite possible that money bought this result. These supreme court justices knew exactly what they were doing. If they believed in this country as a democracy, then I do not see how they could have done this; unless they were on the take.

It is looking to me like the President of the United States is for sale. Why should we not believe the supreme court is for sale?
05:42 PM on 01/24/2010
Just think what can happen now.

Recently, grave concerns about the integrity of our court system and it's judicial independence have been raised by massive corporate donations to judicial election campaigns. Elections of judges have been raised into a partisan political sphere that has never been seen before. Corporations can even now buy and have corruptly bought the election campaigns of judges to rule in their favor on appeal in particular cases, as happened in John Grisham’s latest legal thriller, The Appeal, which borrowed its story of a judge captured by a wealthy local businessman from the facts of the case of Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., which recently made its way from the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States.

See http://www.hlrecord.org/news/scholars-take-on-corruption-in-judicial-elections-1.1011474

Now corporations are released from any judicial restraint to buy the election of judges that it requires to overturn unfavorable decisions of a trial court.
05:45 PM on 01/24/2010
and then you can see Bush v. Gore repeated untrammeled all over the country.
06:14 PM on 01/24/2010
exactly.

Well said.
05:16 PM on 01/24/2010
I don't understand Mr. Lessig's insistence that the integrity of the judicial branch is untainted by the influence of money:

"...but whose integrity we can't fairly doubt. Maybe liberal or conservative politics sometimes gets too much mixed with constitutional law. But money is no where even close."

Their partisan appointments were all made and confirmed by money-influenced presidents and politicians. They were chosen for their "conservative" or "liberal" views rather than their incomparable legal wisdom.

It seems to me, their fealty to the party principles of those who appointed them is nakedly visible to anyone and is a terrible indictment of their "integrity."
04:36 PM on 01/24/2010
The best way to deal with this ruling is to pass campaign finance restrictions again, adding the sentence "The federal courts, including the Supreme Court, shall have no jurisdiction to review this law." Except for a few things spelled out in the Constitution, Congress can set the Supreme Court's jurisdiction by statute. Congress almost never does it though.
02:49 PM on 01/24/2010
Of course, the founding fathers intended Congress to be for sale. Why else did they put it at one end of a Mall?
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AmeriGus
Wore On Terror
01:17 PM on 01/24/2010
This decision was affected by in-the-tank activist judges. Consider: then-attorney Antonin Scalia argued for abolishing the Fairness Doctrine for Reagan in 1987. John Roberts was on George W. Bush's legal team arguing to stop the 2000 recount in Florida, later awarded a seat on the high court. Last week, Roberts ruled in favor of his former colleague Olson who led this appeal as well as the fight to stop counting votes in Florida.

...if we are to accept that limits on corporate campaign spending were removed because the First Amendment trumps potential abuses like pay-for-play, irresponsible claims or ad inundation, we must reconsider the whole idea of money and speech during elections.

The corps will now be able to find, groom and fund candidates openly. Ronald McDonald for President and free Big Macs at registration locations. McNews will prune reality and SmearCorp will exist only to generate attack propaganda round-the-clock.

Today's weak slander and libel laws will not be able to compete with ads that for example superimpose a candidates' face into photos of children being murdered, shown the day before an election. The corp will say it was an interpretive metaphor for his policies.

Even if the candidate sued and won for defamation, it would all be too late and oh, sorry, there's no more money left in the corporation which by definition protects officers from being sued personally.
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05:19 PM on 01/24/2010
agree, mostly
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goodpyr
animated snowdrift
01:16 PM on 01/24/2010
Since SCOTUS has ruled corporations have the same rights as individuals,
let's tax 'em that way.No corporate tax breaks.
02:54 PM on 01/24/2010
Better yet: When they break the law, they go to jail. Every single stockholder (including those who only hold options). Extradition for the foreigh ones. Duration of sentence would be based on proportion of stock/options owned.
07:22 PM on 01/24/2010
Yes!
06:14 PM on 01/25/2010
I agree with you but not all the way.

The people that should be charged are the officers of the corporation, not the stock owners.

There is precedence for this. Going after the stock holders would be just plain bad. It would make people afraid to invest and they have essentially no control what so ever of the corporation except at annual (presumably) stock holder meetings. Even then its only a vote for board members and other high level people.

I just do not understand how the Supreme Court could not see the consequences of this AND I am sure we do not know the total implications of this.

This ruling just sold the U.S. down the drain and has long term consequences which may end up in a revolution.
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jinxed
starting over at 60
02:55 PM on 01/24/2010
Sounds good to me. It is past time for corporations to pay their fair share. When corporations are allowed to "buy" exemptions from companies that have too many to use, you know there is something causing a big stink that our congress seems to be able to ignore. Now most Americans can smell it and it gets stronger by the minute. If taxpayers have to clean up an environmental disaster created by corporations, then the taxpayer must be reimbursed for those expenditures. We have better things to spend taxpayer money on than cleaning up after for-profit corporations who don't pay their share! IMHO, if corporations state they will move out of the country, I'm all for it but at the same time, they MUST pay all outstanding taxes first, clean up after themselves and then MUST be banned from doing business in the USA for a minimum of ten years! Show these abusers it is not OK to rape and pillage our country with impunity.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
jjsardo
Proud liberal in a red state.
01:10 PM on 01/24/2010
The notion of corporate personhood derived from a big business oriented judiciary
and its unrelenting drive to provide Fourteenth Amendment protections to corporations. The notion is wrong headed, anti-democratic and destructive of the guiding principle of government that all persons are equal under the law.

There is an old ethnic saying that to win in politics you gotta have the geetus. This right wing reactionary Court once again put the stamp of approval on payoff money politics by reinforcing the anti-democratic decisions of the past.

The voracious brand of T-rex capitalism practiced in this country, the kind of capitalism that benefits a tiny minority by overthrowing the will of the vast majority, will continue to dominate at all levels of government thanks to this decision. The destructive nature of American capitalism, apparent in the present economy as the decimation of the middle class continues unabated, now has the blessing of the Supreme Court.

The concept of equality of individuals has finally been abandoned. CEOs, backed by the overwhelming power of the corporation, will continue to direct the affairs of government.

The correct interpretation of the First Amendment is that a CEO is an individual entitled to the right of free speech in the same manner that all individuals in this country are granted that right. By its decision, the Court has perverted the intent of the free speech clause of our most cherished amendment.
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notb observer
Technically it's a micro auto-bio...
02:06 PM on 01/24/2010
Very well stated !
Fanned for eloquence and clarity of thought :)
01:03 PM on 01/24/2010
Does anyone doubt that the republicans are trying to bring back the feudal system?
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bluepond
person
01:48 PM on 01/24/2010
Absolutely. But they haven't figured out that most of them will be peasants, too. The not-wealthy have been totally duped here. I would say they deserve what's coming, but the rest of us will be working for a dollar an hour with no health insurance, no safety regulations, and breathing polluted air and drinking foul water, too, in a fun world with no animals or trees.
03:13 PM on 01/24/2010
Barbara Ehrenreich was on it. She saw this coming when she wrote an editorial for the New York times in 1986 titled "Is the Middle Class Doomed?" She noted how all the wealth was being siphoned off to the top infinitesimally small per cent of the population which
ultimately would end up in the creation of a new nation of helots. It is sad to realize that the extinction of the American middle class will not be the result of some rogue meteor hurtling
in from outer space or of a volcano that blew its top or a hideous genetically engineered
pestilence that escaped from some laboratory. It instead will be the permanent effect of
unenlightened policy, a total betrayal of the enlightened principles that the framers of our democracy endorsed.
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bluepond
person
12:38 PM on 01/24/2010
It would seem logical that if you get two (or more) chances to participate in funding campaigns and participating in our political process, both as a private citizen and also as a shareholder in a corporation(s), then you should be taxed as many times as well.
12:59 PM on 01/24/2010
You do get taxed twice. sometimes three times. What's your point?
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bluepond
person
01:22 PM on 01/24/2010
That you shouldn't get taxed twice (that does seem unfair, once on your own income should be enough), nor should you have more than one vote, nor more than one entity (yourself as an actual person) with which to attempt to influence elections, to the extent your own personal pocketbook will allow.
If this idea of corporations as individuals is taken to (almost) logical absurdity, then corporations will have to be given the vote and allowed to serve on juries. For that matter, they must be allowed to run for office. Other wise, we restrict their liberties as individuals.
01:20 PM on 01/24/2010
It's not logical because unions have never had the restrictions on campaign contributions that corporations have. No one to this day wants to tax labor unions more. You can see that in the senate health care bill
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bluepond
person
01:52 PM on 01/24/2010
Labor unions should not be treated as individuals either. Two wrongs don't make a right.
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notb observer
Technically it's a micro auto-bio...
02:23 PM on 01/24/2010
The challenge was not brought forth by labor unions, it was the work of the corporate lobby. The "labor union" scapegoat is a Neo Con talking point that is being repeated by all Right Wingers as a feeble attempt to legitimize this ridiculous ruling. They may as well say "Sure it's unlimited funding, but on the other hand it doesn't infringe on anyone's abortion rights."
It's completely irrelevant. Corporations and labor unions were already free to create or contribute to PACs, as are any individuals or groups who wish to do so. What this ruling allows is for corporations to unleash the might of their treasuries on the electoral process, and there is simply nothing that can compete with their financial resources. We already saw that when the health insurance cartel spent upwards of $640 million on derailing and obstructing the HCR bill. Labor unions and the public simply cannot compete with Corporate America when it comes to funding, so this ruling erases the idea of democracy and makes a mockery of the concept of free speech.
Americans of all political stripes will not stand for this and the activist justices of the SCOTUS have made a big mistake if they believe they can shamelessly be complicit in this blatant sellout.
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Myarss
Buckeye fan Loyal Dem
11:18 AM on 01/24/2010
What we really need is that the American People get smarter. We are so gullible today that we buy into these political campaign lies. We don't dig any deeper to find the truth, and make informed choices at the ballot box. Media has turned into news bites and a healthy shovel full of pablum. People are ignorant,and self serving, and we are getting what we deserve. No one questions the commercials, or 527's. People today have bought the insurance company lies led by there general Dick Army.
Just like lemmings going over a cliff. What a sad time to be an American.
10:23 AM on 01/24/2010
Is this the type of democracy we are spreading throughout the world? No wonder there are so many wars and terrorists currently.
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jinxed
starting over at 60
03:04 PM on 01/24/2010
If I was a citizen in Iraq or Afghanistan, I certainly wouldn't want the American form of "democracy". America is turning to feudal capitalism with the mantra of "corporations GOOD, people get over it". What makes America's form of government any different from dictators other than a dictator is one person and corporations are the same results without the "one person" thing.