Half a Century of Campaign Spending, Dissected

If you believe the news, campaign spending is: Crazy! Incredible! Out of control! Bizarre and absurd! Record shattering!

Are the sensational headlines true? Are election campaigns really spending so much more than in the past?

The Federal Election Commission maintains detailed campaign financials going back several years, so let's see whether the data agrees.

The raw figures

Here are the raw spending numbers for both parties' presidential candidates since 1960 (the same numbers as the chart at the top). These figures are not adjusted for inflation.

This next chart shows the average amount spent by Senate and House winners since 1985.

The trend is increasing, but since these numbers do not account for inflation, or anything else, that doesn't tell us very much.

Adjusting for inflation is not enough

When you do account for inflation, the trend is still upward, as shown in this chart from CNN.

It would be easy to stop here and conclude that campaign spending is higher than ever before.

This conclusion would be incorrect.

Here's why.

Population growth and income growth matter too

Not only has the value of a dollar changed over time, the size of the population has also changed.

More people = more donors

Household incomes have also increased, so the average person spends more today than they did in 1960.

More income to spend = more income to donate

In the charts below, the campaign spending is normalized to 2014 by adjusting for all three factors: inflation, population and income/spending (methods explained below).

Now for an apples-to-apples comparison

Here is how Senate / House spending looks after applying these three adjustments.

For House and Senate races, the historical trend is flat.

When you remove the effects of inflation, rising population, and rising incomes, House and Senate campaigns are spending about as much today as they did in 1985.

Here is the presidential campaign spending chart, after applying the same adjustments.

Now you can see one of the biggest spenders was Nixon in 1972.

Nixon also went on to lose his job for raising that money illegally (yes, Watergate was a fundraising scandal). So let's disregard the spike in 1972.

Between 1960 and 2000, presidential campaign spending actually trends slightly downward.

But after 2000, something changed.

Maybe it's not the spending that's out of control

Since 2000, presidential campaign spending has shot through the roof! And these numbers do not even include spending by super PACs.

Why has presidential campaign spending increased by so much in the last 15 years while Senate and Congressional spending has stayed the same?

The data doesn't tell us that, but it does beg a different line of questioning.

What's changed about presidency since 2000? And what does all this money expect in return?

Methods

To normalize campaign spending figures to the present, I assumed these three indices:
• GDP deflator (inflation)
• Population
• Real GDP per capita (income)
When you multiply them together, the result is just nominal GDP. So ultimately, this is the formula used:

This post originally appeared on Metrocosm