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The Death of Criticism or Everyone Is a Critic

Posted: 11/14/11 09:00 AM ET

One of the substantial changes in the arts environment that has happened with astonishing speed is that arts criticism has become a participatory activity rather than a spectator sport.

Every artist, producer or arts organization used to wait for a handful of reviews to determine the critical response to a particular project. And while very few critics for a small set of news outlets still wield great power to make or break a project (usually a for-profit theater project which runs longer and therefore needs to sell far more tickets than any other arts project), a larger portion of arts projects have become somewhat immune to the opinions of any one journalist.

This has happened for three reasons.

First, far fewer people are getting their news from print media. There is a reason the newspaper industry is in trouble. Advertisers are spending less in print media because fewer people are reading hard copy newspapers. And for those arts projects aimed at younger audiences, hard copy newspapers are no longer a central element of a marketing strategy. Younger people get virtually all of their information online, through news web sites, social media and chat rooms. And older people are increasingly getting their information online as well.

Second, because serious arts coverage has been deemed an unnecessary expense by many news media outlets looking to pare costs, there are fewer critics and less space devoted to serious arts criticism. Even the New York Times' arts section is dominated now by features and reviews of popular entertainment -- television, movies and pop music -- rather than serious opera, dance, music or theater.

And third, the growing influence of blogs, chat rooms and message boards devoted to the arts has given the local professional critic a slew of competitors. In theater circles alone one can visit talkingbroadway.com, broadwayworld.com, theatermania.com, playbill.com and numerous other sites. Many arts institutions even allow their audience members to write their own critiques on the organizational website.

This is a scary trend.

While I have had my differences with one critic or another, I have great respect for the field as a whole. Most serious arts critics know a great deal about the field they cover and can evaluate a given work or production based on many years of serious study and experience. These critics have been vetted by their employers.

Anyone can write a blog or leave a review in a chat room. The fact that someone writes about theater or ballet or music does not mean they have expert judgment.

But it is difficult to distinguish the professional critic from the amateur as one reads on-line reviews and critiques.

No one critic should be deemed the arbiter of good taste in any market and it is wonderful that people now have an opportunity to express their feelings about a work of art. But great art must not be measured by a popularity contest. Otherwise the art that appeals to the lowest common denominator will always be deemed the best.

 
One of the substantial changes in the arts environment that has happened with astonishing speed is that arts criticism has become a participatory activity rather than a spectator sport. Every artist...
One of the substantial changes in the arts environment that has happened with astonishing speed is that arts criticism has become a participatory activity rather than a spectator sport. Every artist...
 
 
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07:07 PM on 12/14/2011
"Most serious arts critics know a great deal about the field they cover and can evaluate a given work or production based on many years of serious study and experience. These critics have been vetted by their employers."

There is nothing in Ben Brantley's NY Times Bio that says he has worked in the theater world under ANY capacity. It just lists which magazines he has previously wrote for (Women's Wear Daily, New Yorker, Elle etc.)

I am curious. According to Mr. Kaiser's quote - what are his qualifications to be the chief drama critic at one of the nation's most powerful newspaper?
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07:04 PM on 12/14/2011
"Most serious arts critics know a great deal about the field they cover and can evaluate a given work or production based on many years of serious study and experience. These critics have been vetted by their employers."

There is nothing in Ben Brantley's NY Times Bio that says he has worked in the theater world under ANY capacity. It just lists which magazines he has previously wrote for (Women's Wear Daily, New Yorker, Elle etc.)

I am curious. According to Mr. Kaiser's quote - what are his qualifications to be the chief drama critic at one of the nation's most powerful newspaper?
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11:32 PM on 11/27/2011
Bloggers and people in chat rooms have no influence or power over the slow death of newspapers and the loss of positions for professional critics. If it were up to me, newspapers would thrive and they'd replace all the Sports sections with Theater sections with page after page of professional writing. Until then, I'll continue to visit my favorite web sites.

I enjoy theater chat rooms and comment myself from time to time, but I certainly don't take other people's comments as authoritative or even reliable. I take them with a grain of salt. The immature rants I don't take at all. It's shocking to me that theater professionals consider chat comments a problem.

Besides, anyone who wants to read snarky, snotty, vitriolic condemnations of shows would be as likely to find them in columns written by certain erudite professional theater critics as they would from some hit-and-run blog commenter. People will find criticism they respect and that's who will have influence. If it's a blogger, so be it. He or she must be doing something right.
05:55 PM on 11/21/2011
(2 of 2)

But now we have reached the point where the financially beleaguered newspapers are not even filling the vacancy, they are dropping the position altogether. Very often there is no one even vestigially qualified as an expert and what little opinion we get is from "cost effective" freelancers or a gaggle of blog posts. The notion of "authority" is either unaffordable, or worse, in the noisy, all-opinions-are-equal cacophony of response, undemocratic, even suspect. Why should your opinion be any better than mine? I am reminded of S. J. Perlman's pithy remark, "I don't know much about medicine but I know what I like."

Here at the NEA we are trying to do something about this. In partnership with the Knight Foundation, whose domain is both journalism and the arts, we have made grants in our new Knight/NEA Community Arts Journalism Challenge. Each of the winning grantees (in Charlotte, Miami, Detroit, Philadelphia and San Jose) has presented a sustainable business model for a new way of delivering arts criticism. It is, of course, too early to know whether any of these will successfully fill a now alarming vacuum, but too much is at stake not to try.

The future of the arts cannot be left only to the forces of the marketplace and the burgeoning blogosphere. I know what I don't like.

- Rocco Landesman
03:29 PM on 11/23/2011
I've just had a brief look at those Knight/NEA grants. “A new app,” “iCritic Detroit,” “digital media training” — while all this is trendy enough, I don't see how this responds to Brustein's notion that "a critic should have knowledge of the field in which he or she opined.” None of these new projects guarantees that these new “citizen critics” will have any such deep knowledge.

“The future of the arts cannot be left only to the forces of the marketplac­e and the burgeoning blogospher­e. I know what I don’t like.” Apparently it is to be left to the NEA and other large institutions. I’m wondering if this wouldn’t also lead to the same kind of academic/institutional complex — the echo of “military/industrial complex” is intentional — that now drives new play writing, development, and production, but this time for the criticism of that work itself. Anyway, its us bloggers who can’t be trusted — why, we’re nearly as bad as the forces of the marketplace. It's almost as if I would slag off all arts administrators and bureaucrats as [insert your own negative characterization here]. It's an unworthy dismissal of many voices in the blogosphere who are just as knowledgeable as theatre as Brustein desires. And, obviously, employment by a newspaper is no guarantee of knowledgeability, as both you and Kaiser admit -- that vetting process Kaiser mentions is a bit of an illusion, if what you say about restaurant critics is true.
06:16 PM on 11/23/2011
George Hunka is absolutely right -- and you would have a hard time finding a theatre critic more erudite than he is. As someone who wrote his dissertation about Robert Brustein and his relationship with the literary critic Lionel Trilling, I have great respect for what Brustein accomplished in his long career. But the fact is that the "burgeoning blogsphere" is filled with people who are highly educated in theatre, and have great practical experience as well. For instance, I have written "Theatre Ideas" for six years -- I have a doctorate in theatre criticism and was a fellow of the National Critics Institute at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre Center. There are many, many more whose education and experience exceeds my own. Ultimately, what I see in Kaiser's article and your response is a discomfort with the democratization of all aspects of theatre. We don't need a corporate-owned newspaper to employ someone in order to discuss what is best and worst about the current theatre scene.
05:54 PM on 11/21/2011
(1 of 2)
Michael's post is a must read for everyone who is serious about the future of the arts in this country. Since the time of Plato, informed, expert criticism has paralleled the developing history of every art form. We turn to those, who by virtue of their knowledge, taste and quality of mind, can put our experience of a work of art into context. Whether we agree or disagree with a particular judgment, it is often a critic who makes the case for new work, even new forms, or questions long held received wisdom about the traditional canon.

Before I became the chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts, and before my career as a Broadway producer, I was trained in a doctoral program in dramatic literature and criticism that was started at the Yale School of Drama by its then dean, Robert Brustein. Bob's quaint notion was that a critic should have knowledge of the field in which he or she opined. A drama cirtic, for example, should know, and know well, the whole history of dramatic literature. Instead of the common practice of assigning the restaurant critic to the drama beat when that job becomes vacant, a newspaper editor might actually hire someone who knows the subject.

- Rocco Landesman
12:25 PM on 11/19/2011
One would hope that arts presenters could cultivate promising, discerning bloggers, facebookers, and tweeters as a way of developing audiences or appealing to the younger audience (and the older audience that may prefer iPads to program booklets and miniature flashlights). Presenters could even invite a "critic-in-residence" who would rotate from time to time on their own web pages and blogs as a way of developing talent. This critic should of course be given free rein, but provided with the resources that they might need, including fact-checking and editing. The Kennedy Center trains arts administrators through the DeVos Institute of Arts Management, why not initiate a similar program to nurture critics and bloggers? And arts presenters might work with humanities groups or universities to provide grants or stipends because Mr. Kaiser is correct that, for whatever reasons, newspapers and magazines are not supporting critics. There would still be a wide variety of opportunities for people to post their opinions, but those who really do want to learn more or become arts journalists in some sense could rely on properly fact-checked, clearly written, and edited sources of information, description, and evaluation. In addition to reading print media I have also learned a great deal from blogs, Facebook, and Twitter. I do not believe it needs to be a zero-sum game.
02:03 PM on 11/17/2011
"But it is difficult to distinguish the professional critic from the amateur as one reads on-line reviews and critiques."

That's the equivalent of a blind taste test. If you can't tell the difference, perhaps the difference is negligible-to-none.
09:36 AM on 11/17/2011
It's not as anyone takes theater or music criticism seriously these days. If they did, Phantom of the Opera would have closed in a week. Internet postings are no different than word of mouth except that it changes the reach of those rants and raves. Does everyone on the internet know what they are talking about? Hell, no. But then neither do all the "professional" critics writing for the New York Times. I'm appalled at what passes for music criticism these days. I'd just as soon read what the fans have to say. At least a few of those know what they are talking about.
08:15 AM on 11/17/2011
If critics were actually doing their job we wouldn't have lost Broadway to Disneyland
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03:44 PM on 11/16/2011
"But great art must not be measured by a popularity contest. Otherwise the art that appeals to the lowest common denominator will always be deemed the best."

God, I hope someone from "American Idol" reads this.
02:43 PM on 11/16/2011
My comment was far too long to post here so I wrote a response at my site:
http://culturebot.net/2011/11/11716/why-arent-audiences-stupid-andy-version/
my co-editor also wrote a response
http://culturebot.net/2011/11/11697/why-arent-audiences-stupid/
01:32 PM on 11/16/2011
I love that you're trying to take a high road on a website that doesn't respect writers enough to pay them.
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JumpySnark
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02:55 PM on 11/16/2011
Yes! Best comment I've read all year. Fanned and faved!
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Mat Gleason
Mission Statements Are Poison
02:37 AM on 11/17/2011
Can you name those websites that DO pay (not that promise to pay) and what exactly they pay and how much work a writer has to go through to get said payment.

HuffPo writers keep their copyright. Most publications give your chump change and own your words. Get paid $60 to never be able to say something again? No way...
08:12 AM on 11/17/2011
That's a great question, a fair one and a complicated one. The easy answer is, yes I can name at least one, and I'm sure it's not the only one: Howlround.com. I wrote a piece for them and made $300 and I retain the rights. Howlround is an online journal on theater, it's curated, really well-edited, and diverse in terms of the backgrounds, styles and opinions of the writers. For me Howlround is a great indication of where criticism in live art could go, and I am hoping more publications come on board.

What I think the web offers writers is more models. People still read the critics that can make or break shows - I'm thinking of the major press outlets like The Times, Washington Post and Guardian in the UK. They just read them online. And those writers are respected differently than are people writing a review on, say, Yelp, their blog, or Broadwayworld.com. I think there is room for all of it.

But you're identifying a predicament that I don't think HuffPo really solves - the plight of the freelance writer. I think the original column is conflating that with the rise of online access and citizen journalism. Sure you get the rights to your work, but HuffPo can sell it's business model without ever having to compensate the writers who make it run.
12:49 PM on 11/16/2011
I am sorry to hear that Mr. Kaiser is so frightened of human history, which constantly works to strip elites of their monopolies on information and to spread it as far and wide as possible. When Gutenberg invented the printing press, he enabled people to read the bible on their own, and thus they did not have to depend on priests for the word of God. The fact that newspapers no longer have a stranglehold on theater-related information, including criticism, is not nearly as important, but Mr. Kaiser still sounds like an Archbishop about it.

Theater, like all art, is inherently subjective; a useful critic will explain clearly what she liked and why she liked it, but no more, and any clear-thinking person with good expressive abilities can do the job. He need not have the imprimatur of a large publishing company behind him. When Jayne Blanchard, a superb theater critic for the Washington Times, began to criticize for DC Theatre Scene instead, she did not suddenly become unqualified.

I recommend that Mr. Kaiser rely on the free market to assure quality, in criticism as in everything else. On-line critics who are not up to snuff will draw no readers or advertisers, and so soon will be talking to themselves. On-line critics who meet their readers’ needs will find more readers, and will grow and prosper, just like…oh, and isn’t this a little ironic? Just like the Huffington Post.

Tim Treanor, Senior Reviewer
DC Theatre Scene
09:54 AM on 11/16/2011
Since this article is posted online on a blog, I am having a hard time telling whether the writer is an expert. I want to be sure he has been vetted by his employer before taking what he has written seriously.
12:09 AM on 11/16/2011
While I might agree that some bloggers don't know what they're doing when they write critiques, many of us who blog our reviews do actually have some knowledge. First of all, I would argue that for every great "serious" art critic, there are mediocre or even horrible "serious" art critics. And I would argue that bloggers can be just as "serious" about the arts that we love as any paid critic. I blog on an opera blog, and I can vouch for the seriousness of our discussions. While some of the threads are gossipy, we've had discussions about period performance practice, vocal technique, new repertoire, traditional vs regie productions, etc. And many of us on the blog (Parterre Box) are trained and working performers, directors, playwrights, and yes, even a "serious" critic or two. I'm one of those performers. I'm a college-educated opera singer (Chicago Musical College) who's appeared in the last two years in recital in New York, and at both the Regina Opera and the Amore Opera, also in New York. I've been an avid fan of opera since I was 14 and I'm now 51. I listen to, and critique, opera from not only an audience member's standpoint but from a performer's. Doesn't that give me some insight into what I'm seeing or hearing? What's more disturbing to me than the rise of the blogosphere is the terribly broad and narrow-minded idea that if criticism isn't in print, it isn't valid criticism.

Sanford @Parterre Box
08:47 AM on 11/16/2011
All good and true points. I would add, however, that Parterre suffers from the same issue I've seen all over many online review sites - the need to "prove" credentials and knowledge through excessive harshness. I would go so far as to call some of the content on Parterre brutal, particularly that aimed at performers - as is normal for much online comment. Often these zines are the gathering place for extreme fans or extreme "haters."

Having said that, the blog also contains very interesting and useful information. As with some other blogs, however, you often have to wade through muck to get to it.