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Michael Meyerson

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The History of Religious Bigotry and the American Voter

Posted: 11/19/11 03:00 AM ET

Robert Jeffress, pastor of the First Baptist Church of Dallas, explained why he urged fellow evangelicals to support Gov. Rick Perry over Mitt Romney, whom Jeffress termed "a non-Christian" due to his Mormon faith. Jeffress quoted John Jay, the first chief justice of the Supreme Court and co-author of the Federalist Papers, who famously wrote, "It is the duty, as well as the privilege and interest of our Christian nation, to select and prefer Christians for their rulers." Jeffress said this proved that a religious test for voters was both appropriate and consistent with American history since, "according to Jay, preferring a Christian candidate is neither bigoted nor unconstitutional."

While selecting whom to vote for based on religion is not unconstitutional, the views of many of our nation's founders were in fact dominated by religious bigotry. Just as Jeffress refuses to see Mormons as Christians, Catholics were deemed non-Christians by most early Americans, including John Jay. Jay, in fact, tried to exclude Catholics from the protection of New York State's constitution. In 1777, Jay proposed that Catholics be denied the right to own land or to vote, unless, "they renounce and believe to be false and wicked, the dangerous and damnable doctrine, that the pope, or any other earthly authority, have power to absolve men from sins." Although that proposal was rejected, he was able to insert a provision barring Catholics from immigrating to the state if they did not, "renounce all allegiance and subjection to all and every foreign king, prince, potentate, and State in all matters, ecclesiastical as well as civil."

This anti-Catholic bigotry was widely shared. The First Continental Congress declared that only Protestant denomination embody the "true religion," and warned that Catholics, "dispersed impiety, bigotry, persecution, murder and rebellion through every part of the world."

America was fortunate, however, because these voices of intolerance were answered by far-sighted leaders who vigorously opposed such religious animus. Ben Franklin, for example, was so accepting of different religions that he was able to develop a relationship with Pope Pius VI, who, on Franklin's recommendation, named John Carroll America's first Catholic Bishop.

Most importantly, George Washington understood the importance of respecting all religious faiths. As commander-in-chief of the Continental army, Washington admonished his troops that, "While we are Contending for our own Liberty, we should be very cautious of violating the Rights of Conscience in others; ever considering that God alone is the Judge of the Hearts of Men and to him only in this Case they are answerable." As president, Washington assured Catholics that the protection of government would be provided to "all those who conduct themselves as worthy members of the Community," regardless of religion. With a magnanimity lacking in Jeffress's dismissal of the Mormon faith, Washington declared that Catholics were "animated ... by the pure spirit of Christianity" and should be considered as part of the Christian community.

Washington's letters to Jewish congregations were equally inclusive. Again linking a minority religion to the faith of the majority, Washington wrote that "the same wonder-working Deity," who led the Israelites out of Egypt had, "been conspicuous in establishing these United States as an independent nation."

Though the Constitution prohibited the government from imposing any religious test for office, it was left to the voters to decide whether they would follow the exclusionary example of Jay or the welcoming lead of Washington. The presidential election of 1800 between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson raised that issue directly. John Mitchell Mason, a Presbyterian minister, repeatedly urged voters to select the "Christian" Adams over the "infidel," Jefferson. Mason said basing one's vote on a candidate's religious test did not interfere with freedom of conscience because the voter would merely be exercising "the right of a citizen and a Christian" to declare "I cannot trust a man of such principles. ... While he is an infidel, he shall never have my countenance." Jefferson's supporters countered that under Adams priests were "incorporated with the Government for political purposes ... polluting the holy altars of religion." Jefferson's election, they said would lead to "Good government without the aid of priestcraft, or religious politics."

Jefferson's victory over Adams was seen as a repudiation of those who argued that religious voters should shun candidates who did not share their religious views. Religion was, and is, a central part of the American landscape. The question now, as it was then, is whether religion will be a divisive or a unifying force.

 
 
 
 
 
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11:22 AM on 11/22/2011
Seven state constitutions written by christians prohibit me from holding public office because I'm an atheist. Your insistence upon tolerance for your beliefs rings somewhat hollow.
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Paul Robertson
05:01 PM on 11/24/2011
Do you have a source for that? I would have expected that would be prevented by the 14th amendment?
02:31 PM on 11/28/2011
Arkansas, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas all explicitly prohibit atheists from holding office. Pennsylvania is somewhat ambiguous on the matter, in that it specifically protects those who believe in a god with specific properties from disqualification based on their religious beliefs. Massachusetts amended their constitution to remove text that discriminated against all non-christians.

You can find the offending text and links for most of them at
http://www.godlessgeeks.com/LINKS/StateConstitutions.htm
08:32 AM on 11/22/2011
It seems we always forget to mention the historical context in which our country was founded. The history of religious wars, intolerance, persecution, abusive secular power of the Catholic church, were all fresh in the minds of people in the colonies, and freedom of religious expression was an emerging strain long before independence was even considered. If people were generally mistrustful of Catholics and the "priest class" in particular, it was because of the recent history of the Vatican army, the inquisition, and their northern European protestant roots. The first amendment did not come out of some philosophy book. It came out of one possible reaction to that historical background, the reaction that is favored in this article. The other reaction is to continue the story of religion as power and group identity and marginalizing those not in your group. The human spirit is capable of embracing either.
thebigbike
ran away to be a cowboy
05:26 PM on 11/21/2011
so, just when has religion ever been a unifying force? in the US or anywhere?
09:01 AM on 11/22/2011
Religion is an expression of what we are, and not a conspiracy of power. The founders were never anti-religious. They never advocated getting rid of religion. They always saw true piety as a force for the good. They sought to create a "godless" state that circumvented the pitfalls of a specific religion as conformity to the mob, but they had no intention of creating a godless country. They did what they did in the interest of both religion and personal freedom of expression. Our country was in large part created by people fleeing religious persecution and wanting nothing other than to be left alone to practice their own religious conscience; the desire for "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness". I am not sure whether that qualifies as religion being a "unifying force", but Thomas Jefferson attested to the fact that, even though he was suspicious of organized religion, the emotional impetus for the first amendment came from the Christian sentiments of the new testament. It could just as easily come from any religious tradition, all of which aspire to goal of universal love and acceptance whether any attain it or not.
10:10 AM on 11/22/2011
Perhaps not religion per se. One aspiration of religion, any religion, is always the sentiment of universal love and acceptance. It's just not the only aspiration. Although Thomas Jefferson was mistrustful of religion, and certainly of Catholicism in view of it's recent history of oppression, neither he nor any of the other founders were ever anti-religious nor felt that piety was a not good thing. They created a godless state, but had no intention of creating a godless country. They wanted the better part of religious conscience, and Jefferson actually talked about the inspiration of Christ's teaching (quite apart from "religion per se") in seeking to create a state that allowed free religious expression. Religion is what it is because it is an expression of the human spirit in all its aspects.
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rich3324
Likes: Chasing villagers. Dislikes: Fire
02:18 PM on 11/21/2011
Check out the 1928 election between Hoover and Smith if you want to see religious bigotry.
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MTY INDACHI
01:04 PM on 11/21/2011
i don't know about divisive or unifying, but it certainly is a destructive force. i would not vote for anybody who proclaims dr. seuss is his creator and/or savior. what i KNOW is that our only creators are our biological mothers and fathers. what i BELIEVE is irrelevant.
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Neil20
09:46 AM on 11/21/2011
Religion divides people from birth, my friend. A baby is not born with a stamp of a particular religion on its back but then what happens after a few months? It is taken to the church and labelled 'Catholic' or to another denomination and labelled 'Methodist' or a temple and labelled 'Hindu'. Jews are separated and circumcised, so are Muslims. A young lad on reaching 18 is dunked in the nearest river and told that he's a 'Baptist'. Young Catholics are constantly reminded to be good and faithful Catholics obedient to the church; Muslims, good and devout Muslims to pray five times a day, pious Jews to always wear a skull cap while chanting Jewish prayers, or fervent evangelical Christians not forgetting their Baptist or Pentecostal roots. So, if religion does not divide what does? These religions unite only those who think on similar lines and accept the doctrines. A Catholic talks of 60 million Catholics in the US or 1 billion Catholics around the world. Similarly, Baptists talk of 16 million Baptists in the US. Conversations such as 'I'm Irish and Catholic' is heard from coming out from the mouth of a bragging Irish. 'I'm an evangelical Christian, a true believer' an Southerner would boast.
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rockysparks
there's no law against being annoying.
06:05 PM on 11/20/2011
I attend a Christian church --- Episcopalian --- but I refuse to identify myself as Christian:

(1) I don't want to disgrace true Christians --- who are mostly people I admire who live principled lives without wearing a sign on their sleeves announcing how good they are --- by sullying their reputations by associating my disreputable self with them.

(2) I don't want to be mistaken for one of those faux Christian Bertha-Better-Than-You types who go around yelling, "Praise Jesus" and then pointing their fingers at everyone else they believe is a sinner. Those people make me genuinely ill and give Christianity a very bad name. And unfortunately, most of the Republican presidential candidates cater to that hypocritical crowd.
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rtgmath
There has got to be a better way!
03:23 PM on 11/20/2011
Religion in itself is usually a divisive force. One can attempt to perceive what a candidate believes and try to understand why they believe it. And the why is every bit as important as the what.

In the past it may not have mattered what a President believed about the age of the earth. Today, a faith-affirming young earth creationist and science reject would put into place policies which would severely hamper science, promote scientific illiteracy, allow pollution (after all, Jesus is coming soon and He will fix it! No need to spend money on it now.), and delay looking for needed solutions for our economy. How can a person thinking Jesus will come very soon do any long-range planning? What would it matter?

A person who perceives special spirituality in the kind of underwear he wears needs to be asked why he believes it. A person who believes that "God created Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve" needs to be asked how he would treat the rights of all citizens, even the marginalized groups.

I agree that Constitutionally, there must be no religious test. But other than the religious imperatives to do good and to promote justice, there is not much useful in having too vigorous a faith as President. As President, one must be willing to let others believe or not and practice or not as they wish. And that kind of tolerance is not generally found in vigorous religion.
09:39 PM on 11/20/2011
"Religion in itself is usually a divisive force"

Nonsense. Religion is one of the strongest unifying powers in human society. In fact, ironically, it is religion's ability to bring people together is what makes it seem so divisive to many. Take the divide between Christians and Muslims. It is only significant because of the unifying power of each religion. If there were ten Christians, and 12 Muslims, nobody would care. There are millions of each. If that is not evidence of the operation of a major unifying force, I don't know what is.
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12:12 AM on 11/21/2011
Secularism. There are millions of secularists who don't give a rats what religion you belong to, just as long as you respect your fellow man and treat him decently.

Now, THAT is a unifying force. And we don't need to brainwash our children (how many of those millions are converts - how many are simply born?) or terrify with threats of hellfire. But most of all, we don't achieve our unity through collective opposition to the Other.

How many religions can say that? Hmmm?
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Bones Rhodes
01:22 AM on 11/21/2011
So, your argument is that religion is a unifying force and then use the unbridgeable divide in two religions that share the same god as an example ?
12:36 PM on 11/20/2011
There is no quesiton as to whether religion will be a unifying or divisive force.

One need only look at the clown car driving aorund the Republican racetrack, people who want to make THEIR particular brand of Christianity what rules all of us.
11:20 AM on 11/20/2011
Good post with an important lesson for those Democrats who harbor anti-Mormon bigotry.

http://www.gallup.com/poll/148100/Hesitant-Support-Mormon-2012.aspx
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Bones Rhodes
01:29 AM on 11/21/2011
You don't suppose that poll was biased by the fact that the Republicans have a front runner who is a Mormon and that Mormons tend to be very conservative, do you ? Meanwhile, let's also talk about that conservative bigotry toward atheists -------
09:42 AM on 11/21/2011
I agree. Get back at me when one actually runs. Or should I say, when a person who is openly atheist actually runs. Probably many candidates are atheists, but follow Machiavelli in knowing better than to admit it. Like Nicolo told me a few years back when slamming down some pints in Florence,

" one sees by experience in our times that the princes who have done great things are those who take little account of faith and have known how to get around men's brains with their astuteness...".
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Neil20
09:39 AM on 11/20/2011
Your last sentence addressing the question whether religion will be a divisive or a unifying force is redundant. Religion from the dawn of history has always been a divisive force. There has never been an instance when religion became a uniting force in itself except to join together people of similar beliefs to wage war against people of a different belief. Religion till this very day has always divided humanity.Christianity, considered to be the world's greatest and foremost religion has been divided into innumerable denominations and sects. Roman Catholics have never accepted the Protestant doctrines as part of a general Christian faith. Catholicism till this day poaches on Protestant congregations, particularly the Anglicans. Christians have felt morally and spiritually superior to the Muslims, Hindu, Buddhists and others. Among the Muslims, the Shias have always fought and are still fighting with the Sunnis. Buddhists too are divided into sects- Mahayana and the Hinayana sect. It never ends. The tenets, doctrines and rituals of religion are man-made and hence because of this human aspect of religion it is also divisive. People cannot stop killing, converting and proselytizing in the name of religion. Why doesn't humanity wake up, realize their folly and unite to protect and save the one and only 'god' that sustains life - Mother Earth? Protecting the environment I consider to be the greatest religion and would be the only uniting force for mankind if the planet is to be saved.
09:42 PM on 11/20/2011
"Religion from the dawn of history has always been a divisive force"

Again, total nonsense. There are millions of Christians, and Muslims, and Jews. That is evidence of one of the most powerful unifying forces in human society.

I cannot fathom how anyone can look at the way religion brings millions together and not see how powerful a unifying force it is. Without this ability to join millions, religion would be a matter of no great import, politically.
02:51 AM on 11/21/2011
There are millions of believers in science, too, but they don't traditionally kill millions of the other guys over differences of opinion. The religious do.

Saying that the existence of millions of people of different religions is evidence of unity is like saying that they fact that there are millions of Americans shows that being a Democrat is evidence of one of the most powerful unifying forces in human society. And you could say they same about atheism.

Religion is 98% an accident of birth, indoctrination in youth, and the societal urge toward conformity.
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David MacWilliams
My micro-bio is no longer empty...
04:33 AM on 11/22/2011
HELLO? Is there anyone with a brain and a rudimentary grasp of BASIC history in there?
Tens of millions killed in the name of god is NOT a unifying force. Please, for your own sake and that others would take you seriously, read some history books and educate yourself. This position is ludicrous from an historical and factual standpoint.
TomMartin
Freedom and equality.
07:52 PM on 11/19/2011
At least the Presbyterian minister Mason that you mention, called Adams a Christian even though Adams was a Unitarian, and so then many today would call Adams part of a non-Christian cult. Mason recognized that the Unitarians of that time were Christian. Since then of course Unitarianism has changed so that most are not Christian.
07:08 PM on 11/19/2011
Saying Mormons are not Christians is not bigotry. Mormonism is polytheistic and Christianity is monotheistic. They are simply different religions. Saying Mormons are not Christians is no more bigoted than saying Muslims are not Christians.
TomMartin
Freedom and equality.
07:45 PM on 11/19/2011
Most of Christianity is trinitarian, which is close to tritheism. So it is not very different from Mormonism.
09:19 AM on 11/20/2011
Trinitarianism and tritheism are very different things. In tritheism one believes in three god's, whereas Trinitarianism is strictly and adamantly monotheistic. One of the defining beliefs of Christianity is the insistence that there is only one true God.
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taoistpunk
because the monks wouldn't have me..
11:55 AM on 11/20/2011
if the three gods are one then their experience is shared. as such it would be impossible to believe that god would have information that was unavailable to jesus such as the hour of the second coming.

a poor understanding of numerical values [1+1+1=1] does not constitute reason for a "who owns the term christian" pissing match. if jesus as christ is the central figure in your pantheon of god or gods you are a christain.

and though i know all that inclusiveness hurts you, any of the abrahamic religions are just different views on the fulfillment of that original faith, ie different jewish sects.
01:36 PM on 11/20/2011
To clarify, we do not believe in three Gods. We believe in one God who eternally exists in three persons. As to why the Father had information Jesus did not, it is because, in his humanity, Jesus emptied himself of his divine privilages. He did not know the date or time because it was the Triune God's unified will that he not know the date or time. Jesus is not the central figure in a pantheon of gods for us, but rather one of our core and defining beliefs is that Jesus is the second person of the One True Triune God.
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LMPE
I connect the most dissimilar things
03:24 PM on 11/19/2011
Thomas Jefferson could probably never get elected today (at least not in a large portion of the country). Not only did he call Christianity "...one of the greatest frauds ever perpetrated on humanity," he owned a copy of the Koran, saying that it provided some good lessons (which would lead millions to call him a secret Muslim nowadays).
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phal4875
The world is run by cats; we just feed them.
06:37 PM on 11/19/2011
Fanned. I believe that Keith Ellison was sworn into office on Jefferson's copy of the Koran.
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LMPE
I connect the most dissimilar things
07:39 PM on 11/19/2011
He was.
bklynsparrow
creating reality from unreal things
08:03 PM on 11/19/2011
He was.
03:23 PM on 11/19/2011
I don’t want a President who thinks that the Constitution is a “divinely†inspired document,or who believes that America is God’s little experiment here on earth, or that believes that Jesus appeared in Missouri, and when Jesus returns—it will be to Missouri. That’s what Mormons believe.

I don’t want a President who believes that this country was founded as a “Christian Nationâ€, or who believes in biblical law and biblical capitalism--Christian Nationalists. That’s what Bachmann, Cain, Perry, Palin, Paul and Newt believe.

Dominionist, Christian Reconstructions, Christian Revisionists, and members of the C Street Family (Thune) are all disqualified as far as I’m concerned.

The problem is that Christians who embrace a “biblical worldview†are poorly informed as to what path these loons want to take. Their religion-- is their politics. So, sorry—in 2012 if you vote without taking religion into consideration—you are a fool.â€