iPhone app iPad app Android phone app Android tablet app More

Featuring fresh takes and real-time analysis from HuffPost's signature lineup of contributors
Michael Ruse

GET UPDATES FROM Michael Ruse
 

Is Darwinism a Religion?

Posted: 07/21/11 09:16 AM ET

Evolution is promoted by its practitioners as more than mere science. Evolution is promulgated as an ideology, a secular religion -- a full-fledged alternative to Christianity, with meaning and morality. I am an ardent evolutionist and an ex-Christian, but I must admit that in this one complaint -- and Mr. Gish [Duane T. Gish the Creation Scientist] is but one of many to make it -- the literalists are absolutely right. Evolution is a religion. This was true of evolution in the beginning, and it is true of evolution still today.

Well, what quote of yours do you want to have on your gravestone?!

I think this paragraph, the introduction to a book review (for which I was never paid) in a Canadian newspaper some 10 or so years ago, has received more attention and more repetition (especially on the Internet) than anything else I have ever written. More even than my claim that morality is an illusion put in place by the genes to make us social animals. No matter that I qualified it then and have qualified it before and ever since. "Ruse recants! Evolution is a religion! Read all about it!" Or more accurately, don't read all about it, because then you might find that that is not quite all that I had to say.

Is evolution, Darwinian evolution in particular, a religion? To sound like the philosopher that I am, it all depends on what you mean by "religion." It is "Intro to Philosophy of Religion," Lecture 1 material. Religion is not something like a right-angled triangle. Either you have a right angle or you don't, and that is the end of the matter. Religion calls for what we in the trade call a "polythetic" definition. There is no one feature that is necessary, but having several is sufficient. Belief in God? Very important, but what about the Unitarians or the Buddhists? Having a priesthood? Also important, but what about the Quakers? Having rituals or ceremonies? Quakers again. And so on.

What this means is that some things are clearly religions, some not and some on the border. Roman Catholicism has a priesthood, a moral code, a belief in God and much more. It is paradigmatically a religion. (This does not mean that it is better, but that it is clear cut.) Being an undergraduate at Florida State University is not joining a religion, even though on Saturdays in the fall at the football stadium one might wonder. What about the Freemasons? Well, really, you pays your money and you takes your choice.

So, what about Darwinism? I don't think believing that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection (his version or today's version) commits you to religious belief. I think that if, as I myself would, you extend the scope of the theory to an understanding of knowledge acquisition and justification and the same for morality -- evolutionary epistemology and evolutionary ethics -- then it can act as a religion substitute or alternative. It gives you a world picture that some people, starting with me, find entirely satisfying. I can't answer all of the questions -- Why is there something rather than nothing? How does the conscious mind arise from the physical brain? Is there a purpose to it all? -- but I am not sure that anyone can answer these questions in a satisfactory manner and I certainly don't go to bed worrying about them.

So, if someone like Richard Dawkins indignantly protests that his passion about these sorts of things -- the passion that drives the "God Delusion" -- should not be taken as a religious passion, I am happy to accept that. I do nevertheless think that often Dawkins and company show the sociological characteristics of the religious. This comes across particularly in what Freud calls the narcissism of small differences, the hatred of those who are close to them but not quite close enough. Just as evangelicals can differ bitterly over the true meaning of the host, so the New Atheists loathe people like me who (like them) have no religious belief but who think that science as such does not refute religion.

Having conceded this, I do also think that there are and have been Darwinians who have made something of a religion -- call it a secular religion, if you like -- out of their science. At the time of Darwin himself, his great defender Thomas Henry Huxley (grandfather of the novelist Aldous Huxley) set out consciously to make of Darwinism a phenomenon that not only substituted for religion but that gave the same emotional satisfactions of religion. Like those who were to follow, Huxley did not see the world (as would I and Dawkins) as blind and meaningless, but rather as something with a direction -- a direction upwards as evolution led progressively to our species. As the Christian sees the world made for humans, so Huxley saw the world preparing for humans, and as the Christian sees moral action centered on humans so likewise Huxley saw moral action centered on humans.

Huxley gave what he himself called "lay sermons," and he worked hard to promote his world vision. In one of the most interesting moves, he and fellow workers even set about building churches -- cathedrals -- to their new religion. Except they called them "museums of natural history." These were places where, instead of going to a Christian cathedral on a Sunday morning, a family could go on a Sunday afternoon and seen magnificent panoramas of past life: all of those fossil dinosaurs being dug up in the American West and shipped east for all to see and admire. On the principle that imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, natural history museum after museum was built in the style of a gothic cathedral or earlier. Gaze at the Norman architecture of the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto and you could be in Durham, England.

As it happens, toward the end of his life, Thomas Henry Huxley began to doubt the worth of his philosophy. He did not return to God, but he began to doubt that evolution had all of the answers. But this has not stopped his successors, starting with another grandson, Julian Huxley. This younger Huxley even wrote a book called "Religion without Revelation," where he saw Darwinian evolution working progressively up to our species and where he saw nature itself giving directives about proper action -- action to preserve and help humankind. Today, the world's most distinguished Darwinian, Edward O. Wilson of Harvard University, likewise thinks that evolution progresses up to humans and speaks of his world picture as a "myth" that must replace conventional religions.

So the answer to the question "Is Darwinism a religion?" is varied, interesting and insightful. But I bet a million dollars that for the next 10 years it will be the first paragraph and only the first paragraph of this piece that will be quoted and requoted by those who are more interested in using my words for their own ends rather than for understanding what I am really trying to say.

 
 
 
 
 
  • Comments
  • 187
  • Pending Comments
  • 0
  • View FAQ
Comments are closed for this entry
View All
Favorites
Recency  | 
Popularity
Page: 1 2 3 4  Next ›  Last »  (4 total)
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
SocBeat
Bald and proud
01:35 PM on 07/27/2011
"Evolution is promoted by its practitioners as more than mere science. Evolution is promulgated as an ideology, a secular religion -- a full-fledged alternative to Christianity, with meaning and morality."

Feel free to call a person who does that a Darwinist, and call that a religion if you want But don't call me a Darwinist, even though I am an atheist who is convinced of the validity of the Theory of Evolution. Evolution is science. It can be tested and used predictively. It does not have morals, nor promote a moral position. It does have meaning, in that it has consequences for life, human or otherwise. Meaning is not synonymous with religion, nor even a necessary condition of religion (hence the phrase, "God works in mysterious ways.")

Not all practitioners of Evolution are Darwinists. I'll go so far as to say that the vast majority aren't.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
freducate
Spirit Naturally Evolving
09:54 PM on 07/23/2011
"There is no such thing as Darwinism, or even evolutioni­sm."

Heh. Saw this in another post and it made me chuckle, having just seen this quote by Richard Dawkins in and interview: "I find it quite ironic -- amusing -- the thought that if you did build a politics or an ethical system on Darwinism, people like you and me would hate it. It really would be a very unpleasant world in which to live."

He uses the term dozens of times throughout the interview, which is from. . . . wait for it . . . "The Evolutionist"
photo
Maezeppa
Happy-Happy Joy-Joy
12:32 AM on 07/24/2011
Elsewhere I denied that Dawkins ever said that and I was incorrect. Since I can't reply twice to your post, I'm apologizing here for the error. However, you did fail to use the whole quote, which included this: "...the very people who ought to love Darwinism from a political point of view - are the ones who hate it from a scientific point of view. And so I quite enjoy pointing out this irony. You've got to be pretty thick to think that because "I am a Darwinian in my academic outlook" I must be an advocate of selfishness in humans." Did you catch the "from a political point of view" part? Did you"? I would like to emphasize that "Darwinism" is NOT evolutionary theory or even "Darwinian evolution". We know this because evolution has produced altruistic behaviors, and desires in individuals in social groups to protect the whole. In any case, in science, an 'evolutionist' is an evolutionary biologist, not a proponent of a philosophy the way a creationist is. We don't call Newtonian physicists "gravitists", for instance. Please, rather than pluck quotes, read the whole. I recommend "The Selfish Gene".
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
freducate
Spirit Naturally Evolving
01:28 AM on 07/24/2011
"Elsewhere I denied that Dawkins ever said that and I was incorrect. Since I can't reply twice to your post, I'm apologizin­g here for the error."

Great. Should I question your intellectual dishonesty or just point out your whole screed, impassioned though it may be, had nothing to do with my point re the use of both terms? Either way, find a better target for your ranting.

However, you did fail to use the whole quote, which included this
photo
Maezeppa
Happy-Happy Joy-Joy
12:33 AM on 07/24/2011
And more: " ....But there are people, like Steven Rose, who are almost constitutionally incapable of making the separation between what one believes academically, scientifically, and what one thinks "ought" to happen, politically. So it is sometimes necessary to kind of over-react - but it shouldn't be necessary to even say: "I am a may be a Darwinian and I may believe in selfish genes but I'm not an advocate of a politics of selfishness." It shouldn't be necessary, but it is, because of the misunderstandings that have happened." --- Richard Dawkins
04:51 AM on 07/23/2011
Yes, Professor, you are correct. Darwinism is a religion. It is the basis for a lack of belief. Whereas, other religions are a basis for belief. Suppose, for just a fraction of a second, that there was no Scientific Method, etc. or science period what would atheists use to justify their lack of belief to other people?

Most atheists like to consider themselves "special" because they think they are more intelligent due to their lack of belief than those who still cling to religions. That's an irony, in and of itself, whereby someone who believes they are the result of a cosmic accident causing evolution is somehow special. When if evolution were correct they are significantly not special with a pointless existence.

Now, about your being an ex-Christian...there's no such animal. You may have attended church, etc., but if you were ever truly a Christian then you would know there's no such thing as an ex-Christian. It would simply be a case of you thought you were when you weren't. You can change your mind about things hundreds of times per day...but, you can't change your soul. Only the Holy Ghost can do that, and if you were truly saved then the Holy Ghost would not change it back to its prior status just to suit your enlightened intelligence.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
MagicManDoneIt
When facts are lacking. Just say...
06:32 AM on 07/23/2011
Fractally wrong, and not for the first time.
05:24 AM on 07/24/2011
Magicman,etc.,

You like to use the word "fractal". It's a mathematical term. And, mathematics can not be proven by naturalism or darwinism. Although, it is the basis for most sciences it, mathematics, is an intuitive knowledge. Probably, the most precise knowledge we have about anything non-physical.

I guess atheists find "mathematics" amazing due to the fact that it is beyond the realm of materialism yet exists. You know 'ol Pythagoras never actually found a triangle to conduct his experiments on to come up with his theorem...yet, he was correct.

Atheist, always, think they take the high ground when they say the burden of proof is on those who believe to prove the existence of God. They, atheists, don't want to prove a negative they reply...but, those involved with math prove negatives all day long.

Kind of funny isn't it.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
OldHick
12:09 AM on 07/24/2011
Your second paragraph is right on. the driving point had been Communism, and a bit of racism. This made devotees significant, and still does, although as you say, they are reduced to spiritless chemical motes.
10:40 PM on 07/22/2011
"There is a cult of ignorance in the United States, and there always has been. The strain of anti-intellectualism has been a constant thread winding its way through our political and cultural life, nurtured by the false notion that democracy means that 'my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge.'" - Isaac Asimov
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Danek Greori
07:33 PM on 07/22/2011
Darwin's concept of evolution, was just the beginning of understanding a complex natural process. Why is it every time evolution is referenced people always go back to Darwin, and ignore the last 100 years.

Anyways, is Darwinism a religion? No.

Wasn't that simple.
04:19 PM on 07/22/2011
I believe what I learned about gravity in school. Does that make the theory of gravity a religion?
I believe the laws of physics that I learned in college. Does that make physics a religion?
I believe what I learned about chemical reactions in college. Does that make chemistry a religion?
Evolution is science. It is factual. It happened and is still happening. It does not take faith to see this, just observation. Get over it.
And I'm not even a scientist, just a well-educated person.
09:59 AM on 07/23/2011
If you think that we can have the same level of certainty that current life happened simply via Darwinism, as we do about basic physics and chemistry, then that tends to confirm that many seem to treat Darwinism as a religion.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
freducate
Spirit Naturally Evolving
01:37 PM on 07/23/2011
Well, you nailed that one succinctly, Celtic. It's not that evolution didn't happen, for it surely did and does, but the idea that the neo-darwinian model explains everything is where things go into the gray area that so many insist isn't there, but so many others demonstrate that it is.

When you have folks like Sam Harris promoting an objective science of morals, when such is not possible without smuggling in subjective elements, then the waters muddy quickly.
photo
GoodwithWood
Dis eas all yoooour fault
03:38 PM on 07/23/2011
Here here.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
gregory57
Micro-bio, was one of my favorite classes.
02:50 PM on 07/22/2011
"Evolution is promulgated as an ideology, a secular religion -- a full-fledged alternative to Christianity, with meaning and morality"

Only by those who don't have a full understanding of the underlying concept.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
edgraham
There is no magic
01:49 PM on 07/22/2011
This is not as hard as the religous folk make it. Religion has to have a supernatural basis. It has to have someone believe that you can stop the rotation of the Earth, become a ghost, defy natural law.

Evolution has none of this. It just happens. The theory trys to explain how and why. It's not a theory that evolution exists. The only way the religions can attack evolution is to question its existance.
photo
LintLass
"When you can balance a tackhammer on your head...
02:29 PM on 07/22/2011
Actually, that's not a necessary condition for something to be a religion. (nor do most religions have any need to be evolution denialists: it's just a few authoritarian ones.)
This user has chosen to opt out of the Badges program
01:34 PM on 07/22/2011
As an atheist, I seek understanding of the world and all phenomena through science and rational explanation. The religious seek understanding of the world and all phenomena through religious texts. However, to equate both as "religious" is incorrect.

The problem is, the definition of seeking understanding as a religious endeavour for the atheist is not logical:

Seeking understanding is a religious pursuit
I am an atheist seeking understanding
Therefore, I am religious.

The conclusion does not necessarily follow from the premise.
photo
LintLass
"When you can balance a tackhammer on your head...
02:33 PM on 07/22/2011
Not all religions are based on interpreting religious *texts,* either, nor do all those with religious texts seek to understand and interpret all phenomena through them, either, actually, though.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
SocBeat
Bald and proud
01:46 PM on 07/27/2011
Faved, already fanned.

There are a few terms, like "seeking understanding," that have become associated with religion to the point that many religious people will insist that you're religious if you use them in any context. "Belief" and "faith" are other examples. It's hard to say "I believe the Theory of Evolution," or "I have faith that evolution explains the origin of the appendix, even though I don't know what that explanation is," without having somebody say, "See? You're religious!"

Morality, good, evil, spirituality... I'm sure there are more.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Richard McRae
I fan awesome people.
12:47 PM on 07/22/2011
Evolution simply describes a biologic process (or processes). It explains why species change over time.

It doesn't address the origins of life, how the universe began, if god exists, or any of a multitude of philosophical questions.

It explains a biologic process. That's it. It's the religious that have worked so hard to make it seem like a religion (starting with creating the silly term "Darwinist.")
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Richard McRae
I fan awesome people.
12:44 PM on 07/22/2011
" But I bet a million dollars that for the next 10 years it will be the first paragraph and only the first paragraph of this piece that will be quoted and requoted by those who are more interested in using my words for their own ends rather than for understanding what I am really trying to say."

That's because you put this at the end of the article. Fundamentalists don't finish articles. They don't need to when quote mining.
photo
HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
writerjohnny
12:01 PM on 07/22/2011
Hilarious. Philosophy - the activity reserved for people who are not engaged in productive pursuits. In other words - entertainment. Do we really need professors of philosophy? Aren't they really like professors of television watching or professors of golf?
photo
LintLass
"When you can balance a tackhammer on your head...
02:12 PM on 07/22/2011
So you just do nine holes of sophistry on the weekends at the country club?
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Masih Ad-Dajjal
05:00 PM on 07/22/2011
I find it hilarious that your seeming ignorance of the importance of philosophy even today, allows you to feel emboldened enough to make such a statement.

philosophers are experts on framing ideas and defining terms (which is what he is doing in the article) I have read dozens of contemporary philosophy books over the past 20 years and have always felt enlightened by them and not intellectually degraded.

Many modern philosophers work hand in hand with scientists and politicians in order to help them ask the proper questions, properly define their ideas and terms and place it all within a coherent framework.

Philosophy is the foundation of all critical thought, reason and science. Without a decent foundation in it I often wonder if people are actually understanding these ideas at all, much less in the proper framework.

If your in a gathering and someone asks, "who is the smartest person in the room?" most likely it would be a philosopher. NOT A SCIENTIST!

I read much more science than philosophy nowadays but honestly if you've never read or have not read in a while a contemporary philosophical work (many write for the layman) then I feel you are unqualified to make such a statement.

If you have read some and found them in dire need of something then by all means enlighten me with the titles and shortcomings.
07:22 AM on 07/22/2011
What an interesting article! Informative without being arrogant. Is Evolution a religion? How do you define religion? Good question. Perhaps having a world view and belief system could be seen as religious...

I would also add that religion has 2 further components: the need to worship (not necessarily a supernatural entity) and the need to elevate man to a "higher status" compared to his peers (and this may involve a supernatural entity). What Christians call "Self Righteousness" or "Self Justification".

I would take it one step further than the author and say: "YES! When at the sporting arena, that is worship!"

Is Darwinism a religion?

Turn it around. What is the basis for your world view and belief system? That is where you will find your religion.
photo
HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
writerjohnny
12:04 PM on 07/22/2011
Hilarious. If you believe that water boils at the same temperature under the same conditions based on experiment and observation your religion is the scientific method? Hilarious. Religion, by definition, is the belief in things that CANNOT be proven and must be taken on faith.
photo
LintLass
"When you can balance a tackhammer on your head...
02:36 PM on 07/22/2011
Part of the problem is a lot of people don't take pressure into account when they say they 'know' the boiling point of water, actually...

But, no, that's *not* 'religion by definition,' what you cite: that's *one* definition of religion, though probably not one evolution denialists are far from. :)
thebigbike
ran away to be a cowboy
12:30 AM on 07/22/2011
the accusations calling "belief" in Evolution by Natural Selection a "religion" all come from the "religious' and they way they put it makes it sound like they think being a religion is a BAD thing.

"Nyaaah Nyaaaah nYaaaah You're a religion TOOOOoooo."

what's up with that? hmmm?????
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Wm Hunn
Critical Thinking.....The Other National Deficit!
10:15 AM on 07/22/2011
I believe in gravity and relativity.
photo
french queen13
my beloved is mine and I am his
10:51 PM on 07/21/2011
Dicky Dawkins and his fanboys all too often act like it's a religion, for sure.
photo
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
MagicManDoneIt
When facts are lacking. Just say...
02:50 AM on 07/22/2011
At least there is no ambiguity in your comment concerning your understanding of Richard Dawkins and Gnu Atheism, it's obvious you know nothing.
photo
LintLass
"When you can balance a tackhammer on your head...
02:38 PM on 07/22/2011
That's becoming an unfortunately-fair observation of people presenting themselves as 'New Atheists' online, but it doesn't actually affect the body of evidence which bears out evolutionary theory, as it's evolved since Darwin. :)