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Mya Guarnieri

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Israel's Blockade of Gaza: A Twenty-year-old Injustice

Posted: 07/26/11 08:00 PM ET

The flotilla was intended to challenge the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, a closure that has been decried as a violation of international law. While Israel prevented the boats from reaching the Gaza Strip, the initiative was successful in bringing media attention to the closure.

But Israel remains victorious on one crucial front. A tremendous majority of those talking about the blockade -- from the mainstream media to critics and activists -- use 2007 as the start-date, unintentionally lending legitimacy to Israel's cause and effect explanation, an argument that pegs the closure to political events.

According to the Israeli government, the blockade was a response to the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip. The stated goals of the closure are to weaken Hamas, to stop rocket fire and to free Gilad Shalit, the Israeli soldier who has been held in Gaza since 2006.

But the blockade -- which the Israeli government has openly called "economic warfare" -- did not begin in 2007. Nor did it start in 2006, with Israel's economic sanctions against Gaza. The hermetic closure of Gaza is the culmination of a process that began 20 years ago.

It is important to note, first, the groundwork that made this process so devastating. In her definitive piece on the economic de-development of the Gaza Strip, published in 1987, Dr. Sara Roy uses data from the years of 1967 to 1985 to illustrate how the Israelis turned the Gaza Strip into a captive market and made Palestinian residents a labor pool dependent on Israel. This was achieved, in part, by limiting Gaza's exports and commercial production. These early restrictions (or economic warfare, to use the Israeli term) predate Hamas. So when freedom of movement was limited during the First Intifada, Gaza was already feeling pinched.

Sari Bashi is the founder and director of Gisha, an Israeli NGO that advocates for Palestinian freedom of movement. In an interview conducted with this writer, Bashi remarked that the gradual closure of Gaza began in 1991, when Israel canceled the general exit permit that allowed most Palestinians to move freely through Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories. It was then that non-Jewish residents of Gaza and the West Bank were required to obtain individual permits.

This was during the First Intifada. While the mere mention of the word invokes the image of suicide bombers in the Western imagination, it's important to bear in mind that the First Intifada began as a non-violent uprising comprised of civil disobedience, strikes, and boycotts of Israeli goods. So, that the general exit permit was canceled during this time suggests that this early hit on Palestinian freedom of movement was not rooted in security concerns. It seems, rather, a retributive act, intended to punish Palestinians for daring to resist the Israeli occupation.

Sporadic closures of the Gaza Strip started in 1993, Bashi continues, following a wave of suicide bombings carried out by Palestinians. Because a tremendous majority of Palestinians are not and were not suicide bombers, however, the restrictions on movement again constituted collective punishment for the actions of a few -- foreshadowing the nature of the blockade to come.

Over the years, there were other suggestions that a hermetic, punitive closure was on the horizon. "Movement [was] gradually restricted," Bashi says, adding that in 1995, the Israelis erected a fence around the Gaza Strip.

At the beginning of the Second Intifada, in September of 2000, Palestinian students were subject to a blanket ban, forbidding travel from Gaza to the West Bank. At this time, the Israelis also closed the "safe passage" -- an armored convoy that facilitated Palestinian movement between the Occupied Territories.

As the Second Intifada wore on, so did restrictions on Palestinians' freedom. In March of 2005, the Israeli human rights group B'Tselem and HaMoked penned a report titled, "One Big Prison: Freedom of Movement to and from the Gaza Strip on the Eve of the Disengagement Plan." That there was the need to write such a report -- and that the NGO's findings elicited such an alarming title -- suggests that the blockade was well under way at this time, more than two years before the Israeli government would have you believe it began.

B'Tselem's and HaMoked's March 2005 report stated that only a small number of Gazans were being allowed into Israel to work. Tens of thousands had lost their jobs due to the restrictions on movement.

The 2005 disengagement supposedly signaled the end of the Israeli occupation of Gaza. But, in reality, it brought more Israeli limitations on the movement of both people and goods. While the 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access -- brokered by the U.S. and signed by both Israel and the Palestinian Authority -- should have eased those restrictions, it didn't. The number of day laborers exiting Gaza via the Erez Crossing offers a dramatic example. In January of 2000, before the Second Intifada began, an average of 17,635 day laborers passed through Erez every day. In January of 2005, that number had dropped to 49.

Throughout the years there were upticks and downturns in the amount of workers exiting the strip. And in 2005, too, there was a brief rebound. But in 2006, the small number of Gazans who were still working in Israel were banned from entering, cutting them off from their jobs at a time when the Strip's economy was thin to the point of breaking.

As a result of this recent history, the situation in Gaza today is stark: the economy has been driven into the ground; some estimates put the unemployment rate at almost 50 percent; four out of every five Palestinians in Gaza are dependent on humanitarian aid; hospitals are running out of supplies; the chronically ill cannot always get exit permits, which can lead to access-related deaths; students are sometimes prevented from reaching their universities abroad; families have been shattered.

While the flotilla might have successfully brought the blockade into the mainstream consciousness, it missed an opportunity to really push the envelope by reframing the conversation altogether.

 

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The flotilla was intended to challenge the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, a closure that has been decried as a violation of international law. While Israel prevented the boats from reaching the G...
The flotilla was intended to challenge the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip, a closure that has been decried as a violation of international law. While Israel prevented the boats from reaching the G...
 
 
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04:39 PM on 07/28/2011
(...continuation)

The alternative, of course, is for the PLO/PA to come back to the negotiating table at which Israel has been sitting and waiting, and there, in good faith, in clean hands, and without preconditions start talking peace to the democratically elected representatives of the nation-state of the Jewish people, Israel.

(end)
04:38 PM on 07/28/2011
(...continuation)

Let us not be surprised, therefore, that once the PLO goes to the UN, Israel will go its way and ensure that its security and national interests are protected. Such a move, doubtless, will include the application of Israeli law in Area C and parts of Area B in the West Bank, thus annexing the vast majority of the West Bank, while allowing the Arabs there to continue to manage their affairs in the remaining territory.

Another act, no doubt, will be to ensure that the separation between Gaza and the West Bank is total: not even VIPs of the Palestinian Authority will be permitted to cross Israel from one territory to the other.

A third elements will be the transfer, or lack thereof, of funds to the Palestinian Authority, funds and economic assistance now received from the state of Israel, and, no doubt, the funds to the Palestinian Authority from certain European countries, the United States and from Canada will come to an end.

(will continue...)
04:38 PM on 07/28/2011
By approaching the UN, the PLO/PA is about to violate, again, fundamental aspects of the Arab Israeli peace process; indeed, the very basis for including the PLO in the process and the setting of the Palestinian Authority by the PLO: a good-will-risky-gesture made by the nation-state of the Jewish people, Israel.

The two fundamental aspects are UN Security Council, 242, on the basis of its acceptance the PLO was included in the process, and the Oslo Accords, especially the Second of them, 1995, in which the PLO's PA committed not to make any unilateral moves such as the one of approaching the UN.

(Another fundamental aspect has been the PLO's commitment to ensure that no terror and/or violence will be directed at Israel and Israelis, and no preparations for such acts will take place. Yet, the PLO, from day one, commenced amassing illicit weapons and to date - including this morning - forces from the PLO's demanded "state" have been firing rockets into Israel, this morning directed at the southern port city of Ashqlon).

(will continue...)
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01:54 PM on 07/29/2011
Anyone who wants to read the resolution can find it here. (It's pretty straight-forward):

http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/240/94/IMG/NR024094.pdf?OpenElement
02:18 PM on 07/28/2011
So what happens when the palestinians get their state? Do you honestly believe the violence will stop? State or no state, the next time a Pale at tacks Israel, the Israelis will do the same thing they have always done, defend themselves. Nothing will actually change until the Pales stop this idea that they are going to des.troy Israel. They teach it in their schools, and their maps don't even have Israel on them. What do you think that means?
02:48 PM on 07/28/2011
It means that IF they are a state and fire rockets into Israel or pull other terrorism acts against Israel.......Israel will declare war and wipe them out! Case closed! Fanned!
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meb1357
Remember Kafr Qasim
01:18 PM on 07/28/2011
So much for the argument that the blockade is a recent development necessary to protect Israel from Hamas.
Economic de-development of the Palestinians has been Israeli policy in Gaza and the West Bank for decades.
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Bar Kokhba
I'd have a micro-bio if I knew how to make one
11:35 AM on 07/28/2011
Mya, Mya, Mya…Another essay, same old tripe..Basic history shows that the First Intifada began not in 1991, but in 1987 and violence was escalating at an exponential rate, hence the security measures. Never a mention Egypt and their control over the Rafah crossing,draconian behavior of Hamas and their theft of aid, and other tyrannical behaviors including the closing of crossings and their own particular brand of justice; hangings, rooftop droppings, etc. Rocket fire is only brought up once and then as only something Israeli’s talk about, and not a real thing. Gilad Shalit, anyone? Hamas's head of international relations, Osama Hamdan, has restated the official Hamas positions:

Hamdan issued a press release where we learn these wonderful things:
• Hamas does not rule out kidnapping more Israelis in order to better its bargaining position in a prisoner swap.
• "Resistance will continue, God willing, in order to liberate the land of Palestine from the [river to the] sea."
• Palestine has entered a fierce battle with Israel on two fronts. The first front is resistance against the occupation [i.e., Israel] continuing until its termination, and the second to preserve the unity of the Palestinian people.
• Resistance will humiliate the Zionist enemy and liberate the land.
• "We have made clear we will not recognize the occupation, and today I say more than that: There is no Israel in our political dictionary."
Guess all they want is peace......
02:33 PM on 07/28/2011
Fanned..the facts always upset the Palsbara crowd! Especially mage, Macready, gibranll,Seawolf56 and Aviriham!
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Bar Kokhba
I'd have a micro-bio if I knew how to make one
03:19 PM on 07/28/2011
Ah yes, the usual suspects...I know them well. Either they covet the annihilation of Israel or sincerely are concerned for the plight of some Arabs but are dreadfully misinformed.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
nycpaladin
Have truth will travel
01:39 AM on 07/29/2011
Fanned and faved.
11:04 AM on 07/28/2011
The Arabs' refusal to recognize Israel's right to exist: a 60-year old injustice!
02:24 PM on 07/28/2011
Who said Israel has right to exist? Nobody ever told me they have that right and I, for one, could care less.

As a tax paying US citizen, I just don't want to PAY anymore for Israel's security. I don't believe that Israel and the US have an "unbreakable bond."

George Washington wrote in his farewell address to the nation that becoming too close to any one nation was not good...lest their enemies become our enemies. And that is exactly what has happened.
02:36 PM on 07/28/2011
Here's your quarter back. Give us your address and I'll personally mail your share back to you! just keep paying your share of the tax breaks given to BIG OIL! Happy NOW!??
02:51 PM on 07/28/2011
Who said any nation ha the right to exist? clearly not YOU or me! Spend your money at Burger King..I'll send back your quarter for foreign aid so you can call all your friends!
10:07 AM on 07/28/2011
No doubt the conduct of Israel is terrible, the Palestinian must indicate that they will recognize Isreal in exchange for a viable country based on 1967 border. Israel cannot be allowed to get international legitimacy while at the same time holding on to territories or any part or West Bank captured by force and not recognized by UN. Like the author of another article on current PM of Israel, the Israel Govt has no desire for peace and be fair to the oppressed people.
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LIbislife
12:52 PM on 07/28/2011
when did Israel stop being legitimate?
01:24 PM on 07/28/2011
Israel's occupation of West Bank and blockade of Gaza is illegitimate.
02:28 PM on 07/28/2011
LIbislife, Israel stopped being legitimate when it over ran it's 1948 border and then refused to leave any of the occupied lands.
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Relpo Miraculous
Psychobiological Anthropology
09:44 AM on 07/28/2011
Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu demands that the Palestinian Authority recognize Israel as a “Jewish State.” The Palestinian Authority’s President Mahmud Abbas refuses. Netanyahu demands again and Abbas refuses. Netanyahu tells the US Congress that if only Abbas would recognize Israel as a Jewish State then 90% of the conflict would be over; but Abbas refuses.

One might think that we are witness to two five-year-olds engaged in a playground argument: “Yes you will!” “No I won’t!” “You must!” “I can’t!”

But one would be wrong.

The issue of Israel’s existence as a Jewish State is the very core of the conflict. If Abbas, or any other Muslim leader for that matter, were to agree that Israel is a Jewish state, he would be in opposition to the Islamic religious concepts of “defense of Muslim lands” and of non-Muslims as dhimmi.

Though not found in the Qur’an, the obligation for the defense of Muslim lands is a core concept in medieval and modern Muslim theology, dating back to the 13th century Muslim exegete Ibn Taymiyyah, who declared that all Muslims are obligated to rise up and attack any non-Muslim who takes Muslim land. It is a compulsory duty (fard Ayn) to wage interminable jihad until the Muslim land is reclaimed and again under its divinely ordained and rightful Muslim sovereignty.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Relpo Miraculous
Psychobiological Anthropology
10:23 AM on 07/28/2011
Mya - get back here and address these issues.

Hamas's head of international relations, Osama Hamdan, has restated the official Hamas positions that the Western media loves to downplay.

Hamdan issued a press release where we learn these wonderful things:

Hamas does not rule out kidnapping more Israelis in order to better its bargaining position in a prisoner swap.
"Resistance will continue, God willing, in order to liberate the land of Palestine from the [river to the] sea."
Palestine has entered a fierce battle with Israel on two fronts. The first front is resistance against the occupation [i.e., Israel] continuing until its termination, and the second to preserve the unity of the Palestinian people.
Resistance will humiliate the Zionist enemy and liberate the land.
"We have made ​​clear we will not recognize the occupation, and today I say more than that: There is no Israel in our political dictionary."

As usual, Western pundits will ignore and downplay any statements like these, while trumpeting vague statements by Hamas that could be badly misinterpreted as meaning that it is willing to accept Israel's existence.
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YankeeCanuck
dog
12:28 PM on 07/28/2011
Muslim land? Well, others have a similar concept---read Lords of the Land by Edit Zertal and Akiva Eldar--all about "redeeming" Jewish land.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Seawolf56
Truth should never be censored
09:00 AM on 07/28/2011
Great article Mya! The more the light of truth is shown on Israel the more Americans wake up and start doing things. Funding is a great place to start. With Bibi's popularity falling and strained relations with America, the funding will be the first thing to go.
02:44 PM on 07/28/2011
"the light of Truth" was missing from her article! BTW..... Israel had the HIGHEST PER CAPITA foreign investment in 2010 of any nation in the world! PER CAPITA!! remember, Israel is a nation smaller than New Jersey! Go google "foreign investment in Israel"! And have a truthful day!
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Seawolf56
Truth should never be censored
03:20 PM on 07/28/2011
Fantastic! Then Israel can let go of the American Teit and we can use the 3 + Billion a year for Americans. Nothing would make most of America happy!
08:49 AM on 07/28/2011
"Sham"-ocracy.....

"The Knesset on Wednesday voted down an attempt to open the option of civil marriages and divorces to Jews in Israel. “Israel is the only democracy in the world where Jews don't have freedom of religion,” said MK Nitzan Horowitz (Meretz), who led the list of legislators behind the initiative. “There are currently hundreds of thousands of Israelis who are considered without religion, and cannot marry in Israel,” he said prior to the vote."

http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=231234
10:01 AM on 07/28/2011
I share with you opposition to the rabbinate monopoly on marriage and divorce. But it has nothing to do either with Israeli Arabs or palestinians. Democracy constituted this system, democracy can change it. Just because you don't like the result of a democratic process doesn't make it a sham democracy.
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YankeeCanuck
dog
12:34 PM on 07/28/2011
How would an Israeli Jew and an Israeli Palestinian marry???
How Israeli Palestinians are represented in the Knesset is a bit of a sham. How they are disposessed of their homes, excluded from renting in many places, not allowed to bring a spouse from the OT to live with them is not exactly a mark of democracy either.
02:42 PM on 07/28/2011
"Just because you don't like the result of a democratic process doesn't make it a sham democracy" from myopinion2

Just because you don't like the result of a democratic process doesn't make the democratically elected, Hamas control, illegitimate
06:51 AM on 07/29/2011
Relpo Miraculous Wrote (didn't get through)

""You don't even understand this issue. You are throwing spaghetti against a wall to see what sticks: but what you really are doing is throwing #$%^ at a fan and having it blow back at you.

Shall I explain it to you, or do you just want to see Israel burn to the ground ay way you can?"""

If you can read this, id love to see you explain.
07:48 AM on 07/28/2011
And yet another article from someone opposed to a two state solution. Israel is trying to disengage from the territories and shut the borders. The exact lines of the border are yet to be determined in the West Bank, but there isn't much of a dispute about the shape of Gaza. Now Israeli is required to give jobs and free passage into Israel for people from Gaza? A country where less than 7% agree with the statement that "Israel has a permanent right to exist as the homeland for the Jewish people" and 80% agree with the statement in the Hamas charter that Muslims should fight and kill the Jews?

And why would you doubt the "stated" goal of stopping rocket fire? In 2009, there was two rockets a day fired at Israel from Gaza. 2010 it is down to one ever other day. Real, actual rockets that actually kill people. Clearly the blockade is doing what it is supposed to do.
08:28 AM on 07/28/2011
But according to Huffington Post's 2009 own investigation, virtually any lull in hostilities is reignited by Israelis.
08:41 AM on 07/28/2011
You are joking, right? I generally love HP because it typically reflects my politics. Except on Israel. But even when I'm agreeing with it, I definitely don't pretend that it is an unbiased journalistic source.

On the off chance that you aren't joking: I'm not sure how there is any lull in hostilities when according to all sources (including the Palestinian ones claiming credit for them) there are multiple rockets launched every single week. For several years. Every one of those rockets are in response to an Israeli attack? I see plenty of sites documenting rocket launches with dates. Can you cite anywhere that records weekly attacks by Israel?
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Seawolf56
Truth should never be censored
09:36 AM on 07/28/2011
A public opinion poll released Tuesday has found that a majority of Palestinians support going to the United Nations in September to ask for recognition of a state.

The results of the poll showed that 65.4 percent of people supported going to the UN in September to obtain recognition for a Palestinian State.
11:06 AM on 07/28/2011
So what? Israel will never recognize it..and there will be a war over it. Happy now?
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Bar Kokhba
I'd have a micro-bio if I knew how to make one
11:44 AM on 07/28/2011
Nabil Shaath, Head of Foreign Relations in Fatah: We Will Never Accept the "Two-States for Two Peoples" Solution to the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict. The recognition of a [Palestinian] state is basically a bilateral action, which receives the blessing of the UN. This act, however, will make many things possible in the future. Eventually, we will be able to sign bilateral agreements with states, and this will enable us to exert pressure on Israel. At the end of the day, we want to exert pressure on Israel, in order to force it to recognize us and to leave our country. This is our long-term goal. Palestine, from the river to the sea.
I guess if your goal was the destruction of Israel you too would be in favor of going to the UN.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Freddie27
Liberal Gay Jewish Atheist
10:18 PM on 07/27/2011
I always have the utmost respect for Israelis willing to criticise their own country's illegal actions and occupation of Gaza and the West Bank.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Relpo Miraculous
Psychobiological Anthropology
12:51 AM on 07/28/2011
Mya is a Palestinian, not an Israeli. :-)
03:05 PM on 07/28/2011
Mya is an Israeli-American journalist based in Tel Aviv.
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
gibranII
seeking peace through equality
02:33 AM on 07/28/2011
yes and those people are the only hope for this conflict to end humanely
05:00 AM on 07/28/2011
x2
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Kramerica-Industries
And with Darren’s help, we’ll get that chicken
09:38 AM on 07/28/2011
Please, it would be like Avigdor Lieberman tricking his way into a Palestinian ID claiming to be a West Bank based reporter (he lives in Nokdim) talk about all the concessions "us" Palestinians should make in the name of peace and be applauded for his pro peace positions.
05:28 PM on 07/27/2011
The new Egyptian government should declare war on Israel and impose a naval blockade of both the south-eastern Mediterranean and the Red Sea. The Egyptian navy should patrol the entire areas of water and board any vessels plying to or from the ports of Eilat, Haifa and Tel Aviv. No goods should be allowed in or out without inspection and approval by the Egyptian authorities.

Only by this action will the shipment of billions of dollars of heavy military equipment, bombs, missiles and chemical weapons for the Israeli government be prevented.
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Bar Kokhba
I'd have a micro-bio if I knew how to make one
06:27 PM on 07/27/2011
And Egypt would do this, why? Have they eased restrictions regarding the Rafah crossing? Perhaps you think they are concerned with the plight of the average Arab residing in Gaza? Egypt, historically has wanted nothing to do with the area known as Gaza so why now? To satisfy your blood lust for Israel? I presume Egypt has better things to do at this time than to consider your advice. Egypt has tried innumerable times to militarily confront Israel, how did that work out for them? And as an added memo to johnrd-chemical weapons? Really? The use of those weapons are preferred by Arab nations, e.g. Iran, Iraq, Syria, etc; for "crowd control". Israel has never used chemical weapons in defense of their country.
10:31 AM on 07/28/2011
Before anyone starts to praise Israels military effectiveness let's remember who allows Israel to exist. If I remember correctly, one of the major reasons Israel survived the attacks you reference is because the United Stated made it possible. When the Egyptians and Syrians effectively neutralized the Israel air force, which had been their advantage up to that time, America sent more money, arms, planes and logistical help to the Israeli's. Israel would last about a minute without America. We are Americans first and supporters of Israel second.
08:11 PM on 07/27/2011
You are calling for another middle east war? You think this is good idea why?
03:41 PM on 07/27/2011
...and when Egypt held Gaza...things were worse!
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
gibranII
seeking peace through equality
11:48 AM on 07/28/2011
yes the IDF and settlers pulled out o fGAza but when you control them are they really gone..
12:11 PM on 07/28/2011
YES! and Shalom!