What is religion?
Religion is derived from Latin word religio meaning reverence or conscientiousness. It also means Res (With regard to) + legere (to gather) and Re (again) + lego (read). Hence, etymologically "religion" is meant to gather a community to read the Holy Book and to have reverence for the Holy God. This unique focus on the book and God makes a religion conclusive, exclusionary and separative. In these three ways the Indic notion of dharma is very different from the notion of religion.
What is dharma?
In Ahimsa Paramo Dharma, dharma means virtue. In Saman Suttam 3-5, Kevali pannattam dhammam saranam pavvajjami, dharma means the teachings of the Kevalins. In Sahu Dhamma, dharma means conduct and profession of monks.
Dharma is derived from Sanskrit dhri, meaning to sustain, support or hold. In Mahabharata, definition of dharma signifies the upholding of both this-worldly and the other-worldly affairs: Dhaaranaad dharma ity aahur dharmena vidhrtaah prajaah, Yat syaad dhaarana sanyuktam sa dharma iti nishchayah (Mahabharata 12.110.11). And in the Vedas, Prithivim Dharmanaa Dhritam, signifies dharma as sustainer. In Buddhism, Dharmam Sharanam Gachhaami meant the teaching of Buddha. Thus, we see that dharma has multiple meanings in the Indian context, such as, conduct, cosmic law and virtue. Dharma clearly transcends the exclusionary definition of "religion."
Some Comparative Themes of Dharma and Religion
1. Multiplicity of adherence of faiths
Surveys have indicated that more than 75 percent of Japanese consider themselves as both Shinto and Buddhists. A popular Japanese saying is "Born Shinto, Die Buddhist," meaning the life-cycle rituals of Japanese are inspired by Shintoism whereas the death rituals are inspired by Buddhism. Similarly, the Chinese can visit a Buddhist temple, live life inspired by Taoist ideals, worship ancestors and at the same time philosophize based on Confucianism. The situation is similar in India. A Jain can visit a Jain temple with the same devotion as one worships Laxmi and Ganesha, especially on the Diwali festival. Saraswati is another example of pan-Indian goddess of knowledge. Similarly, in Punjab, a Sikh can visit Gurudwara with the same fervor as he chants or writes Jai Mata Dee at the back of his truck. This simultaneous practice of several Asian traditions is possible because they are not "religions" in the Western sense.
2. Polycentrism
In India, there are 33 koti deities in Hinduism, 24 Tirthankaras in Jainism and 10 Gurus in Sikhism. Thus, the centers of one's prayer or ritual can be multiple instead of one figure. Similarly, in China there are hundreds of gods and saints. In Japan, there are infinite numbers of Kamis (gods). Again, this polycentric phenomenon is highly unlikely in the Western religions.
3. Transmigration
In India, all the philosophies consider the time and the universe to be of cyclical nature instead of linear as in Western religions. One can attain a better or worse next birth based on one's karma in the past birth. This notion again is a uniquely dharmic notion not found in Western sense of "religion."
4. No sacred/profane dichotomy
In the Western religions, "sacred" is seen as distinct from "mundane." But in Asian tradition, dharma pertains to everyday life in addition to visiting the sacred places. To follow Jainism, for example, one's entire life needs to be changed, including dietary habits. Thus, there is no separate category of "religion" as distinct from daily life.
5. No "organized" religion
Western religions are organized around the pope or sharia. However, in India, in every age new thinkers have challenged and reinterpreted the traditions in innovative ways thus no single tradition could emerge as one state religion. Similarly, in China Buddhism was rarely a state religion. In China, Shinto was a state religion only from 1889 to 1946.
6."Mythistory," not history
Indian traditions trace their origins to prehistoric times. The historicity of the 24 tirthankaras in Jainism or of Rama or Krishna in Hinduism is not as critical as the historic events in Western religions. Similarly, in Japan it is popularly believed that Izanagi and Izanami created Japan and other kamis. In China, the Taoist texts have no historic writer. However, in Western religions, the Exodus of Moses, the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ, the Hijra of Mohammad is centrally important.
7. Texts
In the Indian context, we have multiple Jain Aagamas and multiple Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas in Hinduism. In China, there are two Taoist and five Confucianist texts. In Japan again, there are more than one Shinto texts. In the Western context, one holy text such as Torah, Bible or Quran is central to the religion.
8. Religious rivalry
In India, polemic debates among several philosophies of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism have rarely turned into violent wars and battles as is the case in the Western religions. Similarly, in China, for the most periods, Buddhism co-existed harmoniously with Taoism and Confucianism. In Japan, as we saw above, Buddhism existed with Shintoism. However, the Western history has several incidences of Crusades, jihads and anti-Semitism.
From these above eight themes, we can now conclude that it may be preferable not to call any Asian tradition as religion. It may be better to situate Jainism also as a dharmic tradition instead of referring it as a religion.
Follow Pankaj Jain, Ph.D. on Twitter: www.twitter.com/pankajaindia
Jainism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
As a Sikh, I also feel that this article misrepresents Sikhism somewhat. I would provide more detail here, but the comment function limits the length of my response, so I've written a more complete response at:
http://americanturban.com/2011/11/29/a-response-and-retort-to-jain-dharma-goes-beyond-religion-on-the-huffington-post/
good article
It was particularly heartening to read the fact that even though dhArmika-s may subscribe to a particular paramparA, in actual practice there is a wonderful overlap of beliefs and ideas. And this overlap in no way comes in conflict with the traditions themselves. I am sure there are countless dhArmika-s who can easily identify with a gurudvAra going Sikh who also chants "jai mAtA dI" and has that written on the back of his truck. Or for that matter, any of the other examples provided. Truly, one need only look at Indic traditions to see pluralism inherently at work.