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Why Faith Claims Should Be 'Corrected': A Professor's Argument

Posted: 12/28/11 12:04 PM ET

Professor Peter Boghossian of Portland State University believes that when a student makes a faith claim in a classroom, it is the professor's duty to tell them they're wrong. Because faith claims are not empirical or testable, professors should stop treating such claims with kid gloves and start corrected the students who make them. He made this argument in a short article for the journal Inside Higher Ed and then gave a subsequent talk where he argued that faith is a kind of cognitive sickness that should not be given equal time in the classroom. Claims like these are grabbing the attention of atheists and theists alike because they have the potential to affect the way we think about faith.

The article has garnered a lot of attention including, approvingly, that of Sam Harris, and disapprovingly of Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger, who lambasted the professor for his views. Because of the interest in this topic, I sat down with professor Boghossian's to dig into his claims a bit more deeply. His ideas are important ones in that they capture what I think a lot of people are discussing when it comes to faith and the public square. Many are questioning whether faith claims are appropriate in a modern, scientifically literate classroom (and, for that matter, society). Professor Boghossian clearly thinks they aren't and argues that professors should have the courage to say so.

At the heart of Boghossian's argument is the idea that students should leave a classroom more informed about the world than they entered it, and since faith claims aren't publicly testable, students who make them "shouldn't be given a seat at the adult table." Boghossian makes a distinction between a private belief that impacts only the person believing it (like the belief that peanut butter tastes good) and public claims that are supposed to have implications for the rest of us (like the claim that God disapproves of contraception). Beliefs about God and his activity are private beliefs that students are welcome to hold but these beliefs should not be a part of the educational conversation. If a student makes a public argument that is based on a private belief, professors should call these students out and help correct their thinking.

Boghossian is clear that the crux issue is not about the claims themselves. Rather, he focuses on addressing the processes one uses to get to those claims. Professors must "meaningfully discuss these issues and talk about the process one uses and the fact that certain processes are unreliable to lead one to the truth -- faith being one of those processes -- and have educators call people out on, quite frankly, delusion."

For example, flipping coins or sacrificing goats is not a reliable process for predicting the weather. Scientific processes that test and correct hypotheses are. Faith claims, according to Boghossian, are grounded on processes much more like flipping coins than evidenced-based research. If a student makes a claim not based on evidence and argument, why should such a claim have any authority in a classroom? In his article, Boghossian notes that a student wrote on a final exam that despite what she learned in the classroom, her belief in God was "absolute" and no amount of philosophy would ever change that. The processes that led the student to such unequivocal belief are not only faulty, but dangerous, says Boghossian, and professors would be remiss if they let students leave their classroom believing that such processes are reliable.

These issues have much wider cultural implications. Should faith claims have any authority in politics for example? According to a recent Gallup poll, more than 90 percent of Americans claim to believe in some higher power. Shouldn't this belief have an impact on how we think about governance? Boghossian says no because this is not a belief that could even possibly be evaluated for truth. The fact that the majority believes it doesn't mean it has merit (he makes a comparison to beliefs about slavery in the past -- mass delusion is still delusion).

What role should faith play, if any, in the way we think about the conversation in the classroom or an ordered society?

According to Boghossian, it should be relegated to personal preference like a taste for peanut butter or what to do in one's free time. Faith claims should not be given any educational or social authority. And in case you missed it, that's a public truth claim and one that should and will be discussed broadly and deeply as the role of faith continues to evolve.

Listen to the podcast with professor Bogossian and find out more about his work at philosophynews.com

 
 
 
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02:50 AM on 01/21/2012
My question is why a teacher feels compiled to tell a student what they should believe in the first place. We do have freedom of speech in this country and that is public and non public. Why should we force our students to believe that Evolution is true if to them ID is true? Who decides in the long run? One teacher may not believe the same as another teacher. I think you should respect the students right to grow and learn as they grow. Why hinder their growth with your beliefs.
09:42 PM on 01/02/2012
Of course the clinical health psychology and neuropsychiatric benefits of certain religious and spiritual faith-based practices and beliefs -- in terms of cognitive hardiness and deterrents to trauma-related, depressive suicide (Boehnlein, 2004; Murphy, 2011) -- that Prof. Boghossian refuses to address, despite being provided ample opportunity to do so, are ironically the only claims being made in this debate that have any peer-reviewed, empirical validity. According to the professor of philosophy's own logic, it is his fanciful "cognitive sickness" construct that we should be suspect of and demand evidence for. His unfounded but highly provocative "cognitive sickness" concept has ignited the doxastic minds of the militant, fire-breathing neo-atheists he attracts to his cause celebre, generating much passionate heat and PR. This is why it is also equally important to point out that though Boghossian raises compelling issues worthy of due consideration on the dangers of faith-based thinking, his categorical argument has many flaws, too. Technically, the professor's whole argument is premised on an assumption that is entirely lacking in any peer-reviewed evidence of its reliability or validity. Ergo, Boghossian's whole claim of XYZ faith-based thinking processes being symptomatic of "cognitive sickness" should be given no more weight at present than one would a circus clown who claimed his joybuzzer cured the lion tamer of his impotence. Simply put: Boghossian's case is a thin philosophical reed blowing about the winds of controversy without a shred of evidence to its validity.
been2there
Facts have a liberal bias.
02:22 AM on 01/02/2012
There is a difference between either asking a student to back up a claim with hard evidence or pointing out that a statement of faith is not testable, and calling the student wrong. Since a statement of faith cannot be tested, it cannot be proven wrong,; calling it wrong is just as invalid as the original statement!
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09:28 AM on 01/02/2012
Yes, and to call the statement of faith a sickness isn't any more accurate. Well put. To add, I'm not sure that a statement of faith is testable, but I do think you can test for the existence of god. If you were able to complete the test, what you'd find is that your test would have insignificant results. You'd be testing a supernatural concept, and a paramount aspect of such a concept is that there can be no assumption that any evidence can or will be obtained using the scientific method, logic, or any other tools which we ordinarily use. The best we can do is use the best tools at hand and follow the established procedures, but they are too limited.
I have found that there are many athiests on this thread who do two main things. They tend to either not realize that the tools are insufficient, or they treat having no evidence of god as if it is proof or carries the same implications. Neither respect the scientific method or the academic commmunity. Especially in the context of a thread topic about a professor and a student, we need to be mindful of how we can apply the tools we have in a consistent manner.
11:53 AM on 01/02/2012
Of course statements of faith can be tested: The earth is 6,000 years old. The wafer in Catholic services transforms into flesh. Belief in Jesus can heal incurable illness (this has been tested in the Harvard Prayer Study).
01:53 PM on 12/31/2011
some of us with a faith/religion do not view faith-based texts as science. Science is science and faith based texts pertain to expresing the spiritual side of how humans understand things. So, I can meditate on the mystery of the God's creation and I can learn about empirical advancements in Quantum Mechanics and astrophysics freely.
06:55 AM on 01/03/2012
Agreed. But there will be people on this website who can't make that distinction and will resort to accusations of hypocrisy as a diversionary tactic.
sjaent2001
Change gets Challenged, changer gets Cross/poison
08:12 PM on 12/30/2011
""""The dialectic "Faith vs Reason" etc of the enlightenm­ent and in the modern age doesn't capture the essence of the real-life experience of a Christian, or other religious person,"""" Jared Keith Jones

Said this right but--- why we often forget that in the word elightenment itself, and whoever tries to make himself enlightened, the light is there and without light there would be no enlightenment and no one would be enlightened. But some who do not believe in God as LIGHT, as such, keep talking about enlightenment and related matters like reason etc. If they want to be enlightened they have to do more research on the source of that REAL LIGHT that created this whole universe with the word be it and it is done. Now, when that light guides you believe me, no one should be left without enlightenment or enlightened. To me without LIGHT there cannot be any enlightenment and no one would be enlightened, see the word light taken out the light should be out and darkness should set they are mutually exclusive for sure and for reason, and it remains only "en--enment" which does not mean anything. So enough on this enlightenment or the enlightened one or pure entertainment so the discussion must go on with Reason that there has to be light in enlightenment to enlighten anyone who wants to be enlightened. So GOD ENLIGHTEN US.
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ElBruce
07:07 PM on 12/31/2011
So you view God as nothing more than a source of photons? Sounds pretty trivial to me.
sjaent2001
Change gets Challenged, changer gets Cross/poison
09:09 PM on 12/31/2011
NO at this point the discussion was limited to enlightenment and some who think they are enlightened. Hold on to your modern photons and that will be handled not in a trivial way. Just wait and read more about that REAL LIGHT first. There has to be a systematic approach to deny something or anything and also a very systematic approact to accept something in its ernest so we are not let to mix and match and try to expand negativity and the emptiness to that extent that positive and enriched fullness that exists is reduced to zero. HOld on to your Photons unless we hear more from the enlightened.
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Talismancer
Humanist - Reason in the service of compasssion
09:35 PM on 12/29/2011
Does this article even need to be voiced? If so, that's simply frightening.
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ElBruce
11:43 PM on 12/29/2011
Yeah, I've never been in a college class where someone can get away with voicing faith-based claims without having them challenged based on their reasoning. That such a proposition is in the least bit controversial is a really sad state of affairs.
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gmikejake
resist evil
04:56 PM on 12/30/2011
You apparently did not attend any conservative, religious based universities. Not only are those claims frequently made in class, they are actually taught in some classes. And, if a faculty member should "challenge" a student about one of those claims .... however respectfully, that faculty member will likely have some "difficulties" with administration. Been there, done that. Too many times.
01:56 PM on 12/31/2011
i teach college but i don't teach one of the physical sciences. nevertheless, I would not be comfortable seeking to disabuse people of their faith in religion or their faith in anti-religion. seems better to be loving and kind while i impart my academic discipline.
09:05 PM on 12/29/2011
I may have missed it in the article and I dont feel like looking him up but what is he a "professor" of ? and what was the context of his commebt?

I can see the point if he is talking about classes in a "hard"Science but if a faith based comment is made in a class on something like Philosophy then it would be as appropriate as aanything else.
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Talismancer
Humanist - Reason in the service of compasssion
09:49 PM on 12/29/2011
Then perhaps you should learn what the word "philosophy" actually means...I'm serious...it's not just a bunch of opinions and more correctly an offshoot of science. Religion has perverted the discipline for centuries.
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ElBruce
10:28 PM on 12/29/2011
Of all disciplines, philosophy is probably the LEAST amenable to the notion that one view is "as appropriat­e as aanything else [sic]".
10:58 PM on 12/29/2011
It should be the one place where non fact based discussions can happen....
02:10 PM on 12/29/2011
Professor Boghossian's work is a much needed, and sadly rare, breath of fresh air into academia. One can only hope other professors will be brave enough to follow his example.

One need not pretend to know things one doesn't know, in order to believe that pretending to know things one doesn't know is a bad idea. Once someone understands that rather simple principle, Dr Boghossian's thesis becomes self evidently true.
06:38 PM on 12/29/2011
Unless one is making clinical health claims such as Prof. Boghossian does with his categorical "cognitive sickness" argument vis-a-vis faith-based belief systems, when the professor of philosophy is not qualified or familiar enough with either the peer-reviewed research or medical issues at hand to do so. Prof. Boghossian ventures outside his scope of practice and expertise as an academic instead of a qualified medical or mental health practitioner when he does this and needs to either dial back his rhetoric or prove where the vast, peer-reviewed research into the clinical health benefits of religio-spiritual belief systems and orientations are empirically invalid.
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ElBruce
08:01 PM on 12/29/2011
That's not a clinical health claim, it's a philosophical claim. Those work like this:

1. Sickness when a necessary function of the human body fails to operate correctly [definition].
2. Rational thinking is a necessary function of cognition [premise].
3. Anything which prevents one from thinking rationally would qualify as a "cognitive sickness." [1, 2].
4. Religion prevents people from thinking rationally [premise]
5. Religion is a cognitive sickness [3, 4].

You're demanding precisely the incorrect sort of support for Prof. Boghossian­'s characterization, and therefore the fact that you won't get it hardly improves your position. Prof. Boghossian isn't the one speaking outside of his area of expertise, you are. If you want to critique his position, you'd do better to go after points 2 or 4 as outlined above. Good luck.
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Paul Pardi
01:27 PM on 12/29/2011
Be sure to check out my conversation with Peter in the podcast I recorded. Peter goes into much more detail on his ideas in this 60 minute recording and definitely worth the listen! http://www.philosophynews.com/post/2011/12/05/Interview-with-Peter-Boghossian.aspx
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01:16 PM on 12/29/2011
Unfortunately, the professor goes too far. The existence of God has not been proven false; thus belief in God can't be false. Any faith to any religious beliefs which have not been proven false are not false. However, we can discuss the logic of believing things when the evidence for contrapositive things is stronger, and/or when the strength of a belief in something essentially doesn't transcend its lack of being proven false. The professor ought to limit his discussion to countering illogical thought rather than false "sickness" thought. Until he does, he will only be showing that his own position needs to be corrected.
01:47 PM on 12/29/2011
You have obviously never taken a course in logic.
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07:41 PM on 12/29/2011
You are correct. However, I understand logic very well. You just don't see what I see. The supernatural nature of a god presents a problem to logic applied the same way it is applied to terrestrial things. Logic is no more universal than any other thing, and it is fallible.
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stuoverit
"What year did Jesus think it was?"-GC
02:06 PM on 12/29/2011
Unfortunately the professor goes too far. The existence of Unicorns has not been proven false, thus belief in Unicorns can't be false.

Cognitive dissonance at work. Classic.
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02:19 PM on 12/29/2011
Nice try. Of course, you don't address the essential element of the "creator". The reason that God or anything commonly described as a "higher power" is an important topic for humans is that its existence is tied to an explanation of origin for life, the universe, indeed everything. A unicorn does not share this characteristic.
12:45 PM on 12/29/2011
How does one question two thousand years of untestable faith claims? The presumption that 'faith' is not and cannot be subject to the scrutiny normally associated with empirical process looks set to unravel in the new year and no doubt it will be a painful process, especially for the religious! But unravel it must for progress to be made.

The first wholly new interpretation for two thousand years of the moral teachings of Christ is published on the web. Radically different from anything else we know of from history, this new teaching is predicated upon a precise and predefined experience and called 'the first Resurrection'. A direct individual intervention into the natural world by omnipotent power to confirm divine will, command and covenant, "correcting human nature by a change in natural law, altering biology, consciousness and human ethical perception beyond all natural evolutionary boundaries." So like it or no, a new religious claim testable by faith, meeting all Enlightenment criteria of evidence based causation and definitive proof now exists. Nothing short of a religious revolution is getting under way. More info at http://www.energon.org.uk
http://soulgineering.com/2011/05/22/the-final-freedoms/
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UnderTheHedgeWeGo
Show me some evidence.
01:21 PM on 12/29/2011
In the words of Thomas Jefferson "What a pant load".
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michelesda
My micro-bio is empty.
08:23 AM on 12/30/2011
Faved.
12:31 PM on 12/29/2011
Thought experiment! You are an someone who does not accept that there is anything supernatural in the universe due to a lack of evidence to support that claim. We can shorten that to atheist. Imagine you are an atheist...Did I trick you!? Don't worry! It's just pretend...O.K. now. You're an atheist and you attend a 'bible study' session. Now, for those who have never been, you have to know that you don't actually study the bible, instead you try to derive, extract, translate verses and/or apply them to you life....it's a hoot. O.K. back to pretending... A question is asked of you, "Can you relate to Job here in this passage?" Now, as they often get confused around here you just happens to be a professional scientist. And you answer, "I do! You see I've potentially found particles of matter that move faster than the speed of light! And could lead to a better understanding of the Universe! But, the entire scientific community is scrutinizing my data and trying copy my methods! It's a really stressful time!".....Crickets....And then what do you think would happen?

Ponder away...
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UnderTheHedgeWeGo
Show me some evidence.
01:23 PM on 12/29/2011
What?
09:50 AM on 12/29/2011
beautifully argued
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eddy joe
welcome to the machine
06:43 AM on 12/29/2011
"then gave a subsequent talk where he argued that faith is a kind of cognitive sickness" .....Theists know where the sickness lies. As for his version of "truth", I can use empirical or testable, "knowledge", and show him where he is wrong on any subject.
12:16 PM on 12/29/2011
Are you implying that you have provable, testable knowledge related to the existence of god?

How about something provable and testable that would indicate that the Bible is god's word?
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eddy joe
welcome to the machine
08:44 PM on 12/29/2011
Look around. I don't see any other explanation...5000 years later. Do you know someone that has an explanation. If they do, what are they looking for at the Cern collider? That's right! The beginning of the universe [or multiverse] that God started. All science confirms the existance, and neccessity of God.
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WoolyBumblebee
Creator of TruthAndOblivion.com
12:25 PM on 12/29/2011
Really? Please demonstrate one here. Show us where he went wrong using empirical and testable knowledge... I'll wait.
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eddy joe
welcome to the machine
08:39 PM on 12/29/2011
Wooly! Try this...[27] "He answered, 'Then I beg you, father, send Lazarus to my father's house, [28] for I have five brothers. Let him warn them, so that they will not also come to this place of torment.'

[29] "Abraham replied, 'They have Moses and the Prophets; let them listen to them.'

[30] " 'No, father Abraham,' he said, 'but if someone from the dead goes to them, they will repent.'

[31] "He said to him, 'If they do not listen to Moses and the Prophets, they will not be convinced even if someone rises from the dead
01:02 AM on 12/29/2011
Suppose the class is on clinical psychology and the discussion concerns whether religious and faith-based belief systems have empirical health benefits such as a buffer against suicide -- as with Boehnlein's (2004) discovery working with traumatized Buddhist refugees fleeing the Khmer Rouge (re: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15457108) -- or Walsh's (American Psychologist, 2011) finding (re: http://janebirr.com/amp-ofp-walsh.pdf) that religious believers -- of faiths that focused on love and forgiveness -- live on average longer than non-believers and also had better long-term neurological outcomes on measures of cognitive decline and performance. According to Prof. Boghossian's own empirical-based, context-free logic shouldn't the professor's categorical claim about the "cognitive sickness" of "faith-based beliefs and thinking processes" be viewed as the potentially pathological one in this context?
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ElBruce
02:02 AM on 12/29/2011
Traumatize­d Buddhist refugees fleeing the Khmer Rouge is an incredibly carefully selected and unusual group from which to draw data. I imagine I could find a very narrow group that shows the opposite... or anything else, for that matter.

One also need not draw an explicitly religious requirement from that kind of data, even if supported. Consider Victor Frankl's "Man's Search for Meaning" and his resulting practice of logotherapy in which he develops his thesis that what people need to survive harsh circumstances is purpose. This would seem to be supportive (or at least parallel) to the studies you cite. But Frankl is quite clear that it need not be restricted to a religious sense of "purpose," and gives examples of many other things that would work.

But even so, here you're using religion as data points in arguments regarding sociology and/or psychology, not as the arguments themselves. That's an entirely different thing.
04:38 AM on 12/29/2011
I think it's interesting in a kind of solipsistic, ironic way that you bring up Frankl's highly philosophical "logotherapy" in this context, which was based on Frankl's personal and anecdotal experiences as a POW Holocaust survivor during WWII; yet, critique my citation of Boehnlein's peer-reviewed cross-cultural psychiatric work with Buddhist refugees, on the grounds of insufficient sample size, while completely ignoring Walsh's meta-review of research that showed -- and here's the big empirical claim about the world based on faith-based construing of reality -- that people of certain kinds of faith-based systems live longer on average and are cognitively hardier. So, are you, "El Bruce," interested in a debate on science or your conjectures on anecdotal evidence?
02:10 PM on 12/29/2011
You used many words but said nothing to contradict what Burks asserted. You "imagine" you could find a narrow group that shows the opposite. Imagine harder, because you haven't done it and as a results your words are meaningless.
12:20 PM on 12/29/2011
While I disagree with the Prof.'s statement about 'cognitive sickness' I agree with his general point about faith based claims and statements of personal belief in a classroom.

In a class about clinical psychology a student's personal beliefs are no more relevant than they would be in a religious studies class or a biology class or a chemistry class or a literature class. Just because you are studying the effects of faith, doesn't mean you can make claims about the 'reality' of said faith.
05:24 PM on 12/29/2011
@Tanzania => With all due respect, I think perhaps I am not making something clear here. My claim, based on at least two lines of peer-reviewed evidence, is that the irrational cognitive-affective process of certain religio-spiritual faith-based belief systems appears to have measurable clinical health benefits (e.g., greater longevity & cognitive resiliency) . I make no claim, nor do these health psychology and clinical neuropsychiatry researchers, on the "reality" of religious or spiritual claims outside those pertaining to clinical health benefits. I could no more make a claim on the "reality of religious or spiritual belief, (other than to say the content of religious-spiritual belief appears based on non-objective, subjective cognitive appraisals), any more than I could make a claim regarding "the reality" of your or anyone's personal method of maintaining self-confidence or the belief in their self, to face each day and the inevitable mortality of existence, without each of us doing so by relying on the "gambler's fallacy," which is inherently both irrational and necessary to survival.