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Philip N. Cohen

Philip N. Cohen

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Poverty, Single Mothers, and Race/Ethnicity

Posted: 09/20/10 12:23 PM ET

Confusing the facts with the issues.

The other day I picked on the Heritage Foundation's post, "Poverty Explodes, Root Cause Is the Collapse of Marriage." In that post, they conclusively demonstrated two things: first, that children of single parents are more likely to be poor; and second, that more children are born to unmarried parents now than in the past. The dots they didn't connect were between family structure and the child-poverty "explosion."

In the comments on the post, Jay Livingtson reasonably asked, "Why didn't he add a line showing rates of child poverty to show that it tracks with the Death of Marriage?", and Wanda pointed out, "I don't see that you refuted the information in any way." I didn't empirically refute the ideological claim of the HF guy because I didn't show the relationship between child poverty and single-parenthood.

Looking at the graph below, which Jay asked for, the intellectual-history reason seems clear -- his is an old collapsing-society story, that hasn't been in the news much because the association broke down in the 1980s, when the news was all about single parents, crack, homicide, and welfare. Ten years ago I used to assign this book by Ruth Sidel, which put it all together very nicely.) She

shows how America, in its search for a post-Cold War enemy, has turned inward to target single mothers on welfare, and how politicians have scapegoated and stigmatized female-headed families both as a method of social control and to divert attention from the severe problems that Americans face. She reveals the real victims of poverty--the millions of children who suffer from societal neglect, inferior education, inadequate health care, hunger, and homelessness.

Anyway, it was fashionable in the 1990s to line up the trend toward unmarried parenting with any other time series showing things getting worse. You can see why they don't do that so much any more:

Source: My graph from the Census Bureau's poverty and living arrangements data. These are spreadsheet files -- (if you think I'm messing with the data, feel free to show me another interpretation -- I'll post it here.)

The rise in child poverty in the1970s and early 1980s did not persist, while the single-parent living situation kept going up (similarly, crack-use and homicide declined, too). It looks like the culprits after the 1980s are recessions, and the improvement is concentrated in the miracle 1990s, driven by some combination of economic growth, the expansion of the Earned Income Tax Credit, and welfare reform forcing single mothers to "work."

Of course, single parents are still more likely to live in poverty. One thing I liked about the old welfare system was that at least it gave some money to poor people. But that was then.

For a recent review of the facts and policies around single parents, welfare, and poverty, I recommend an article in the 2010 Annual Review of Sociology by Sandra Danziger. Since it's behind a pay wall, I'll fair-use a couple of the figures for you here.

This figure shows only single mothers ages 18-54 with only high school diplomas or less education. The economic boom and/or radical reforms are apparent in the late 1990s, as these mothers increased their employment rates while falling drastically off welfare. (The economic boom theory is bolstered by the rise in "no work/no welfare" and the downward slide of employment after 2000. )

The next figure is for those who thought I didn't do enough with race/ethnicity last time. This figure nicely shows both the trends in child poverty rates and the inequalities by race/ethnicity.

In particular, several readers of the Sociological Images repost of a figure I did on income-to-needs distributions thought it a problem that I had neglected to include Asians. I did that because of my view that they are not well captured in the Current Population Survey (CPS), too small and diverse and geographically concentrated in ways that intersect with national origin and mess up the sampling. (For example, they are very concentrated in places with high incomes and costs of living, like Hawaii and parts of the West.) Anyway, Asian child poverty is on here since the mid-1980s. My skepticism about the data is reinforced by the big blips around the Decennial Census years of 1990 and 2000, when the statistical weights in the CPS are adjusted to reflect the more accurate national count.

Cross posted from the Family Inequality blog.

 
 
 
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08:04 PM on 11/12/2010
The "poverty" that some are experiencing today (and "yesterday") is not neccesarily created by the poor economy, or the lack of jobs or all the other usual culprits, it is "self-created".. You see all the pundits discuss all the "unplanned pregancies" and unwanted babies most of the reports couldn't be further from the truth. It seems if a woman does not intend to go to college and/or doesn't have a strong prospect for marriage...the majority of these woman will plan to become pregnant. This will open up all kinds of opportunities for her. The food card, the HUD house, the medical card....etc. Without the baby she would have to get a job (and hold it) find a house to rent and pay all the bills that come from it and be fairly responsible. There is no way she is going to let that happen, why would she, her mother and grandmother did exactly the same thing this is all she knows. The point is that there could not possibly be this many "mistakes". It is very easy to see how some become very resentful of people that choose to live this way. It wouldn't be as painful to watch these people play the system if you didn't have to hear how much of a "victim" they are and all the reasons and people that are to blame for their short-comings.
09:06 AM on 09/23/2010
"Is the individual and society better served with single parents?"

Depends what you mean. Is society well served when women stay with partners who are abusing them or their children?

"Is the individual and society better served with a child born to an unwed mother?"

Not sure it makes much difference, many people in stable relationships choose not to get married.

"Is society better served by living with a family which has two roofs?"

That very much depends, if one of the roofs contains a violent child abusing alcoholic, then yes it is better for children to be raised out of that environment.

"Is the individual and society better served with a 50% school drop-out rate?"

No, where did you get that fantastical figure?

For any single parents who need support check out http://www.onespace.org.uk/
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rtx47
06:10 PM on 09/21/2010
So what is your point in all the micro-analysis and putting all the social data on its head?

Is the individual and society better served with single parents?
Is the individual and society better served with a child born to an unwed mother?
Is society better served by living with a family which has two roofs?
Is the individual and society better served with a 50% school drop-out rate?

Are today's sociologists trying to justify today's society; which has taken 30,000 years since the time of human were cave-dwellers as a close knit society and humans had duties and responsibilities to each other?

Such social behavior also exists among many mammals and other species suggesting the one-on-one caring and nurturing instincts (towards each other) is hard-wired in our genes.
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rtx47
08:06 PM on 09/21/2010
Today's social shift is the government and its rigid bureaucracy has become the first line of caring instead of the last line of support. Thus family is absolved or displaced of their (flexible and adaptable) roles with its duties and responsibilities.
02:08 PM on 09/20/2010
One thing that I think sociologists should examine is the effect of stigmatizing children because they don't belong in what has been promoted as a traditional family.

If the child lives in household where they are loved and cared for, not abused, that is their VERY LEGITMATE family.
01:49 PM on 09/20/2010
Do you have the same plot for single mothers.....rather than single parents ?
01:29 PM on 09/20/2010
Interesting stuff - I'm forwarding to my old Poli Sci Scientific Inquiry Professor to use as an example... we covered this in class, too. =)