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Richard Whitmire

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Can Poverty Completely Explain Poor School Outcomes?

Posted: 07/17/2012 12:43 pm

The class action lawsuit the ACLU announced last week against both Michigan and a tiny Detroit area school district for failing to educate its own children raises this question: Can schools ever compensate for the ills of poverty?

As poor and minority students increasingly dominate classrooms, the debate about troubled schools becomes polarized around the poverty question. Many urban school teachers say they get blamed for children who arrive in school poorly prepared for learning. School reformers argue that some educators hide their shortcomings behind the cloak of poverty.

Who's right?

Highland Park would seem to be a poster child for the poverty argument. The life has been sucked out of this working class community once home to Chrysler, a city now so poor it had to remove 1,000 of its 1,500 street lights because it couldn't afford to pay the power bill.

Roughly half the mostly African American residents live below the poverty line, compared to less than 15 percent of Michigan residents. Seventy-five percent of the seventh-graders failed to reach proficiency levels on state reading tests.

Blaming poverty here is a powerful argument. But it doesn't tell the entire story.

In writing about former Washington, D.C., schools chancellor Michelle Rhee, I had to determine whether Rhee's brash reforms were justified. Rhee's critics said poverty, not ineffective teaching, explained poor student outcomes. Therefore, her reforms were misguided. But federal data told a different story: Low-income, black students in Washington were as much as two years behind comparable students in some other cities.

Yes, poverty was a major player, but a failure to teach appeared to be an equally powerful player.

In a recent book describing school success stories found in high-poverty neighborhoods, I found many schools, and a few entire districts, that are head and shoulders above their counterparts. A short list of districts: Long Beach, CA., Hillsborough County Public Schools in Tampa and Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools in North Carolina.

In San Jose, CA., I found a small-but-growing group of elementary charter schools where low-income Hispanic students turn out test scores that rival the scores seen in middle-class schools in far wealthier neighborhoods in Santa Clara County.

All these school success stories have to be kept in perspective. Even the best of these schools can't replicate wealthy suburban schools. Poverty is not that easily erased.

What matters in places such as Washington and San Jose is that hundreds more students will arrive in their senior year of high school prepared to take on some kind of post-high school education. By contrast, the widespread illiteracy seen in Highland Park essentially dooms even those who make it was far as their senior year.

So yes, poverty makes a huge difference ... but not all the difference.

This post originally appeared in USA Today.

............................................
Richard Whitmire is author of The Bee Eater: Michelle Rhee Takes on the Nation's Worst School District and co-author of The Achievable Dream: College Board Lessons on Creating Great Schools.

 
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The class action lawsuit the ACLU announced last week against both Michigan and a tiny Detroit area school district for failing to educate its own children raises this question: Can schools ever compe...
The class action lawsuit the ACLU announced last week against both Michigan and a tiny Detroit area school district for failing to educate its own children raises this question: Can schools ever compe...
 
 
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08:50 PM on 07/19/2012
I'm sorry but this article is quite misleading. Poverty may be a factor but not the most important.

The kids in Michigan can't read because the schools use lots of stupid methods, namely Whole Word, sight-words, etc. Fix this, fix the country.

A friend sent me the ACLU's press release and I fired off a piece called: "Just How Bad Is the Reading Crisis in the US???"

It must be REALLY bad if liberals are suing liberals. I see hope here!
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Akla
Leave No Trace, Just a Good Impression
11:01 AM on 07/19/2012
And there are many inner city public schools that perform as well as their upper class suburban counterparts. Charters are highly selective in who they keep.

It is not just poverty, but it is the culture and community (lack of supportive) that poverty creates that is hard to overcome. Schools cannot overcome this by themselves. We create these islands of poverty, ignore them for years, then whine about the impact on student test scores. We can implement rheas solution--cheat--or try to address the issues of poverty. Break the chain of children having children, gangs, and no hope for the future and no education. But the current ed reforms do nothing to address these issues. And society is not paying attention.
01:02 PM on 07/18/2012
Studies about why black school kids lag behind all other races have been going on for decades, and the "official" findings are always predictable. It's racism....no, its poverty... no, its unqualified teachers... no, its poor chalk boards that put black kids so far behind.

The true cause is much simpler and straightforward than these excuses for black failure in school. About 80% of black kids under age 18 have no father in their house. Adult black males abandon their children at this enormously high rate and these black kids never have the needed guidance, discipline, love and presence of a father in their lives. They don’t have a father who will sit with them at a table and help the kids do homework. These black fathers want nothing to do with their children, and many take fathering illegitimate kids as a game. They have made clear they dont care what happens to their offspring.

Black mothers are mostly uneducated and unskilled and unmotivated to do anything with their lives. They don’t know anything about good parenting and are incapable of doing simple homework with their children at night. They are still running the streets themselves, leaving their kids with grandma. Black kids just don’t have the same basic core values, motivation and instilled desire to want to be successful in school. They are surrounded by that filthy black hip-hop culture and black adults are too stupid to see how it damages their kids.
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panther22
09:58 AM on 07/24/2012
Mostly your comments are accurate....however in defense of the lack of fathers in the home..it's not always their fault. There is a ongoing mentality among too many uneducated, unskilled and unmotivated black women who grew up without a father and their attitude is " I don't need a man"

Why? Because they know that when they get pregnant they are eligible for cash assistance, food stamps, healthcare and section 8 housing vouchers. Thankfully this is changing due to the new laws that limit the number of years one can remain on welfare.

But getting back to the fathers...there are many who would like to be with their children but the barriers that are put up by the Child support system and the mothers are difficult to overcome. There are thousands upon thouands of documented cases where the fathers are fighting the child support system who always seem to side with the women. And times when they don't even enforce visitation rights for the fathers.

Now I'm not talking about the "pookies" who will try to impregnant as may women as possible. And then also the women has to take responbility for their actions -which most do not. It much easier to blame the man. Yet women are in control of whether they get pregnant or if they want to terminate the preganancy.
09:18 PM on 07/24/2012
Sorry Panther 22 but I have to disagree with some of your comments.
The black fathers are to blame for their cold and heartless abandonment of their children.  I mean, if its not their fault, then whose fault is it that black fathers almost routinely abandon their children?   Mine?  Yours?
A large part of the problem in black communities is this continued effort to make excused for the very poor behavior of blacks.  Excuses and justification for black violence and high illegitimacy has been going on for decades.  
Blacks have got to stand up and be held accountable just like all other race groups and individuals are.   No more excuses!!
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nasknit
Freedom isn't free.
12:26 AM on 07/18/2012
No where in this story does anyone mention the role of PARENTS! Think that might affect outcome? Do you seriously think that a kid who has parents who set standards, pushes them to achieve, even if they're "poor" does NOT do better, than another "poor" kid whose parents are substance abusers? Try doing some stats on that!
12:03 PM on 07/18/2012
I agree, parents play a big part the outcomes of the students. Class may provide some opportunities but parents provide standards and encouragement for the child to continue to work hard and are able to meet the right people they can achieve great things. Also if the child believes that achieving their goals are important and making their own stamp in life they can become successful.
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nasknit
Freedom isn't free.
05:30 PM on 07/19/2012
Well, there are 2 of us who see this. Wonder when the rest of the planet will catch up?
01:05 PM on 07/18/2012
nasknit, there are no parents in their lives. The fathers left them before they were even born and the mothers are not capable of caring for them so they grow up in a hip-hop street culture that frowns on education. For the greater part, blacks in America will never be anything more important than a huge voting bloc for Democrats. They already rely on government checks, and are losing the needed skills to take care of themselves. The evidence is everywhere.
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nasknit
Freedom isn't free.
01:06 AM on 07/20/2012
NOT disagreeing with all you wrote. However, there IS poverty in other places in America, besides the inner cities. Appalachia, Native American reservations, etc.
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Alwayspissedoffatsomeone
Liberalism = Stultification of the Brain
09:17 PM on 07/17/2012
It's not so much financial well-being as it is the particular culture that dictates academic achievement.
10:56 PM on 07/23/2012
And IQ?How's that matter?
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Alwayspissedoffatsomeone
Liberalism = Stultification of the Brain
10:57 AM on 07/24/2012
Apparently greatly.
05:25 PM on 07/17/2012
Poverty explain poor school outcomes only when we put mucn needed money out of where it is needed-decreasing the amount of students per class, cutting school staff esp. social workers, gutting school programs that serve poverty-striken students, training schools taff to improve their skils, and seeking to dismantle safety net programs that serve needy families for instance-and put it into unproven quick fixes-voucher programs that serve SOME students, increasing the number of charter schools, paying more money for testing by for-profit companies in the guise of accountabilty among others. If I didnt know any better, I would honestly believe that time, resources, and energy are being diverted from where it is needed most to where it can make the most amount of profit....
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Alwayspissedoffatsomeone
Liberalism = Stultification of the Brain
09:21 PM on 07/17/2012
And you're a teacher? Wow. Money does nothing for academics beyond the staples of books pencils and paper. Nothing. Calif has the highest paid teachers and administrators in the country. It spends 40% of it's yearly budget on schools and it ranks almost dead last, year after year. Why?
05:52 PM on 07/19/2012
Simple, Mexicans who aren't fluent in English can't learn as easily in English, which is how they're taught.
09:02 AM on 07/21/2012
Sorry for the confusion.  Funny, I did not mention the pay of teachers or administrators, but the money spend on the dwindling resources available to students.  I cant speak for California, but as a teacher for 9 years, serving the same community in New York City but in different schools, I can tell you that the problem is not teacher/administrator pay, but are related to the issue I tried to convey in my previous post.  My class sizes are increasing, the school staff is being cut (for example, despite having an increasing enrollment of 200 students last year, our school's budget was cut again and we had to get rid of a guidance councilor, the second guidance cut in 5 years), and cutting the hours of the award-winnning Community House program that offers free after-school programs (including team sports, homework help, and mentoring programs) for our most at-risk students.  This is despite the increase in unemployment and poverty in our community and a demographic shift of the families our school serves.  But, according to the focus of the education reform discussion, the problem is bad public schools and no teacher accountability, and the solutions include charter schools, voucher programs, and evaluations based on testing.  How will these help the school I work at or the community I serve?
05:53 PM on 07/19/2012
Only your last sentence made any sence whatsoever, I really hope you're not actually a teacher, at the very least not an english teacher, your comment hurt my brain.
08:54 AM on 07/21/2012
I apologize for the confusion-thats what happens when you write passionately but without reading it over-but my point was that poverty does play a factor in schools.  Schools, teachers, and administrators can help some, but in some districts the needs and numbers of struggling students are just too many, the resources of schools, teachers, and administrators are too limited, and the focus of education reform is on testing, voucher programs, and charter schools, NOT giving public schools the resources and help needed.  
04:22 PM on 07/17/2012
Those charter schools you use as an example "hand pick" students who are poor, but have strong families. They do not, nor will they ever take kids with serious behavior problems. As long as you have supportive parents, you can make a difference as a teacher. There are many issues that come with children who come from poor urban families. It can be overwhelming. Long Beach Unified buses many of their poor kids to schools in nice neighborhoods. When kids are taken out of their home neighborhoods they see a completely different value system and attitude towards learning. You have a very simplistic and almost naive understanding of the complexities involved with teaching inner city schools.
03:31 PM on 07/17/2012
Poverty is a secondary factor, although is generally treated as a primary factor.

The primary factor is culture and family focus upon education. The schools can be terrible and the parents will still make sure their kids are educated. In the US, the two factors are strongly correlated because the families who place a strong emphasis upon education do not stay poor for long. If your statistics do not measure cultural factors you are likely to get neighborhood by neighborhood variations in educational accomplishment that is driven by the cultural variation but which you are assuming is due to school variations.

I saw the drive for education among poor children of the survivors of the holocaust when I was a child 50 years ago and I saw it among the children of poor immigrants in my daughter's honors courses over the last few years.
02:58 PM on 07/17/2012
Frankly, I am shocked that HuffPo published this. The entirely narrative of the Left regarding K-12 education has been based on the dogma of "more dollars=better education", notwithstanding multiple studies that counsel caution in worshiping that dogma. In fairness, many on the Right are too eager to simply blame teachers unions and be done with their responsibility. As an educator who is not particularly given to political correctness or avante garde ideologies, I suspect a lot more than either money or teachers is the family environment. You can hate and scream to the high heavens ten times a day but the fact remains that students from poor socio-economic segments going to underfunded schools still do very well in certain demographics where the nuclear family is strong and educational expectations are rigidly high. Funding and teacher quality matters, but so does culture....perhaps more so than any other factor.
07:19 PM on 07/17/2012
Bravo! Well said!
07:06 PM on 07/18/2012
So which is it? A distasteful and loathsome black culture or underfunded schools that is to blame for the utter failure of black students in schools across America?

And by the way, what is an underfunded school? Let's take Chicago schools or NYC schools as an example. They have schools located in all white neighborhoods attended by mostly white kids and the educational results are usually very good. Several blocks away is a school attended by all black kids. They both are managed by qualified principals selected by the same school board members, and both schools ahve the exact same curriculum and qualified teachers. So tell me why the education results in the black school is so inferior to the results of the white school.
10:59 PM on 07/23/2012
IQ mainly
been2there
Facts have a liberal bias.
02:44 PM on 07/17/2012
No, poverty is not the only factor. Lousy attitudes in society and family play a big role, as does failure of parents to ensure homework completing, study time, sufficient sleep, and decent meals.