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Scott Kahan, M.D.

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Why Obesity Is a Disease

Posted: 05/19/11 08:41 AM ET

By now, virtually everyone reading this is familiar with the alarming stats on obesity rates and the health outcomes associated with excess weight. And by now, we've all had a chance to develop our own opinions about what obesity is and why most of us are getting fat. Here's mine:

Obesity is a chronic medical condition -- i.e., a disease.

And few people would disagree with me ... if we all weren't so blinded by the sight of heavy people.

Let's assume, for a moment, that obesity was not associated with having excess weight. That is, imagine if eating too much led to all the health consequences of obesity, such as elevated cholesterol, "hardening" of the arteries, enlargement of the heart, growth of cancerous cells -- but not an overt and outward gaining of weight. If we were blind to the aesthetics of obesity, would anyone fail to see it as a disease?

From a technical perspective, obesity fits any reasonable definition of disease. According to my medical dictionary, a disease is:

An impairment of the body or one of its parts resulting from various causes, such as infection, genetic defect, or environmental stress, and characterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms.

Let's see...

...an impairment of the body. Check. Obesity goes way beyond its outward appearance. Most affected people develop a cluster of metabolic, hormonal and cellular disruptions -- so much so that having obesity increases the risk of dozens of other chronic diseases, and ultimately premature death.

...resulting from various causes. Check. Obesity doesn't just "happen." It usually results from a constellation of drivers (genetics, environment, medical disorders, stress and many others) that interact with our conscious decision-making processes, leading to the consumption of more calories than are "burned off" by movement and metabolism.

...characterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms. Check. Weight gain, difficulty moving, diminished breathing capacity, skin changes, joint pain, to name a few.

A disease is a dis-ease of a part of the body. Clinical depression is a disease. So is a broken bone. So is severe acne. And so is obesity. That most people generally don't define these as diseases is a matter of convention, not fact.

Medically, obesity is no different from other chronic diseases. Consider the similarities between obesity, hypertension ("high blood pressure"), and Type 2 diabetes:

• Each involves malfunctions of intricately regulated systems: blood pressure in the case of hypertension, blood sugar in the case of diabetes and energy balance and body weight in the case of obesity.
• Each has significant genetic predispositions and can ultimately result in serious health consequences.
• Each is associated with unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. This is essential to appreciate. The eating and inactivity patterns that lead to excess weight-gain in susceptible people are the same ones that lead to chronic diseases in others -- even in "skinny" people.

The National Institutes of Health, the World Health Organization and numerous other scientific organizations regard obesity as a disease, yet most people continue to dismiss obesity as a "willful misconduct" and label people who have obesity as lazy and weak.

Sure, there's an element of choice -- personal decisions and behaviors are a central piece of most chronic diseases. But poor food and physical activity decisions aren't exclusive to people with obesity. It's just that we plainly see evidence of their unhealthy behaviors -- on their bellies and hips and thighs -- whereas thin people wear their unhealthy decisions on the inside, hidden from scrutiny.

In fact, the vast majority of Americans, regardless of weight, are eating unhealthily and barely moving. In many cases, people with obesity aren't eating worse or moving less than skinny people. Yet while we instinctively comfort and support normal-weight persons who suffer from hypertension or diabetes or other chronic diseases, even though unhealthy eating and inactivity were likely involved in developing those diseases, we ridicule and punish persons with obesity. Even doctors aren't immune to this stigma.

Such misperceptions and prejudices get in the way of our collective ability to fully understand, prevent and treat this disease.

We should extend to persons with obesity the same respect that we extend to those suffering from other chronic diseases -- including access to appropriate and evidence-based treatments. Doing so doesn't negate the importance of taking a central role in managing their health, any more than prescribing blood pressure medications to persons with hypertension obviates the need for their healthy eating and physical activity.

Most importantly, our focus needs to shift from blame and ridicule to working together to address the "obesogenic" environment, which shapes our personal decisions and health outcomes. Policies and preventive options that address the physical and social environment (such as the economics of food production, access to healthy foods, junk food marketing and many other factors) to make healthy lifestyle choices the default would benefit everyone, regardless of weight.

 
 
 

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By now, virtually everyone reading this is familiar with the alarming stats on obesity rates and the health outcomes associated with excess weight. And by now, we've all had a chance to develop our o...
By now, virtually everyone reading this is familiar with the alarming stats on obesity rates and the health outcomes associated with excess weight. And by now, we've all had a chance to develop our o...
 
 
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
Atchka
Fierce, Freethinking Fatties
04:27 PM on 06/22/2011
This article is not brilliant. Obesity is not pathogenic: it does not affect all fat people the same way. There are obese people who exercise and eat healthy and according to Dr. Steven Blair, who has studied the fat and fit phenomenon for three decades, they are perfect specimens of health. Obesity is not a disease and to promote it as such is irresponsible and lazy science.

Peace,
Shannon
12:54 AM on 06/02/2011
The article was brilliant. It offered so many insights into my personal history with this disease. AND accepting the term disease gave me the impetus to work towards a personal, if not global, cure. By global, I mean helping to change the perception - a little PR among friends can't hurt. Just as I watched my mother fight cancer for most of my life - I can now see myself as fighting my obesity (how I hate that word and its negative connotation). People were humiliated being AIDS patients in the 80's and early 90's and when my mother was diagnosed with breast cancer in the 60's some people whispered the word conspiratorially amongst themselves. I have to overcome my disease using every weapon at my disposal. The same way my Mom fought cancer, until there were no more weapons for her - she died in 2004. I have forwarded this article to my father. Maybe it might stop him from laughing at every "fat" person he sees and blaming them for their plight. I've tried to tell him that he's talking about me and my people, but so far he just turns off his internal, mental hearing aid and I am left talking to the wall. And if I have to hear one more time about the two weeks in his life when he was overweight at 150 pds and how easily he fixed that, I might have to put my head THROUGH that wall.
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Sinister Minister
There's no way out of here alive.
12:20 PM on 05/23/2011
"imagine if eating too much led to all the health consequences of obesity, such as elevated cholesterol, "hardening" of the arteries, enlargement of the heart, growth of cancerous cells --but not an overt and outward gaining of weight."

Okay let's assume that the rash associated with measles wasn't there. Are you a doctor?

If you believe obesity to be a disease, you should infect a couple of million people in the Sudan, Duffer, Ethiopia and many other areas.

All the ill effects of obesity come from over eating just like all the ill effects of meth come from using meth. You can't separate the two.
11:52 PM on 05/22/2011
The most important part of this article comes in the last sentence, particularly the parenthetical statement:

"Policies and preventive options that address the physical and social environment (such as the economics of food production, access to healthy foods, junk food marketing and many other factors) to make healthy lifestyle choices the default would benefit everyone, regardless of weight."

Education about what it is a person is actually ingesting when they go to a fast junk place or a restaurant is the key. People like to read good things about their bad habits and bad things about good habits they don't do. I have a friend who won't use teflon pans because she's worried about cancer but she'll feed her kids mc-sonic-king 3-5 days a week and think nothing of heart disease - which is a bigger killer now than cancer.

We as a nation have come to view such places as providers of staples rather than the "every once in a while" (like once or twice a year) they should be.

As a result we are overfed and undernourished.

Any obese person who wants to get healthy needs to read McDougall, Campbell, Barnard and Novick, particularly Novick. McDougall and Novick make almost all of their information available free on the internet. They are health providers who sincerely want to help people get healthy.

I'm not sure I agree with the author that it's a disease. But I do agree with what causes obesity.
07:28 PM on 05/20/2011
Dr. Kahan - I agree with your statement that the majority of Americans, regardless of weight, have bad diets and don't exercise enough. However, those who remain skinny, as you know, generally remain much more healthy than their obese counterparts. While they certainly aren't optimizing their health, they're not equivalent to people with the same bad habits who fail to make changes when they start becoming obese. The obese group failed to recognize a significant problem and self-regulate. Yes, it's unfair that one person has a fast metabolism and another has a slow one - but the person with a slow metabolism still needs to take extra precautions.

Here's an analogy: we know that UV radiation from the sun is bad for everyone, regardless of skin color, and that it increases your chance of getting melanoma and other skin cancers. However, those with fair skin are at much greater risk, so should take extra precautions. It's unwise for a dark-skinned person to stay in the sun all day without protection, but it's much much worse for a fair-skinned person to do the same. When the white guy gets cancer and the black guy doesn't, the white guy can whine all he wants about their habits being exactly the same -- it doesn't change the fact that he was the stupider of the two.
Someone who becomes obese with the identical bad habits of someone who remains skinny is the stupider of the two.
11:58 PM on 05/22/2011
I think I disagree. Obese people (and others) can SEE the results of their choices because they wear them.

But skinny people who eat junk and burn off the calories can still have heart disease and not know it until they stroke out or have a heart attack. This is also true of people in their twenties who die in car crashes. During autopsies, alarming rates of heart disease are reported.

But there's no test for heart disease. MRI and CAT scans or other such tests don't see it. It's a silent killer.

I know plenty of "skinny" people who eat junk. They figure they're skinny - that eating junk doesn't affect them the way it does a fat person so they tuck in!

If the fat person and the skinny person both know that eating junk causes all manner of health issues, but the skinny one decides "not me" cuz they're skinny ... that's the stupider of the two.

That said ... does it matter? Eating junk is bad for you no matter how you look.
04:41 PM on 05/23/2011
You misunderstand statistical importance. Yes, some skinny people have heart disease (and usually the ones with bad habits), but it's not nearly as much of a risk as it is for obese people. In fact, the entire analogy was to show that greater care needs to be taken if you are at much greater risk.
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DrP
03:44 PM on 05/20/2011
I beg to differ. Obesity is a symptom, not a disease. I also consider chronic high blood sugar to be a symptom, and not a disease called "Type II Diabetes." Calling these symptoms "diseases" has caused them to be treated as something to be treated with drugs and other medical interventions and the underlying cause is not addressed.
Obesity is a symptom of insulin resistance. Recognizing that, and treating the underlying cause, would go a long way to reversing the percentages of people who are overweight and obese. Both obesity and high blood glucose are easy to address by carb-restricted, preferably ketogenic, diets. No doctors, drugs, or surgery necessary.
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Finnegans Wake
riverrun, past Eve and Adam's, from swerve of shor
04:30 PM on 05/20/2011
BAM!
06:48 PM on 05/20/2011
How can obesity be a symptom of insulin resistance when many obese individuals never develop insulin resistance significant enough to elevate blood glucose? Plenty of theories explain why obesity causes Type II Diabetes (Resistin, stress of endoplasmic reticulum, etc.), but I'm not sure where you're getting your information that it's the other way around (insulin resistance causing obesity...).
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DrP
10:25 PM on 05/20/2011
Have you read Gary Taubes?
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HUFFPOST COMMUNITY MODERATOR
Atchka
Fierce, Freethinking Fatties
03:10 PM on 06/23/2011
WHAT? Are you serious? You might be the only person in the world who doesn't understand how insulin resistance causes weight gain.

http://weight.insulitelabs.com/Root-Cause-of-Insulin-Resistance.php
http://www.dailystrength.org/health_blogs/squevedo/article/insulin-weight-gain

This is why so many people with Type II diabetes are fat... not because fat causes insulin resistance, but because insulin resistance causes fat (although some believe it's cyclical as well... they both complicate each other).

Peace,
Shannon
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
mkthinker
02:34 PM on 05/20/2011
If it is a disease it is a cultural disease. Our american way of living is a choice we as a collective make. There are monied interests pushing a suburbian, car-based, long work hours for both parents, premade food lifestyles on our fellow citizens. So lets see who benifits from that- not the kids, they are stuck at home or walking in circles in front of identical houses. Not the adults that now have 2 people working 40-60 hours a week each to maintain their lives. Didn't just one person working full time used to pay for a family. hmmm - It seems that we are working twice as hard for roughly the same standard of living. Large market leaders decided a few decades ago to convince us that this picture would be the american dream. They took their money and marketed the hell out of it and we are paying the consequences for listening to them.
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mkthinker
03:10 PM on 05/20/2011
Also - most of us work tethered to a desk for at least 8 hours and another 1-2 of commuting. By then we are mentally spent and don't use the night hours to run as fast and hard as we can to make up for it. This is what people do to baby calves to make pump baby cows into veal why would abstract concepts like the YOUR sitting makes you money so you can live make any difference to your body? For all it knows you are being held captive and not allowed to move more then half a mile a day.
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mkthinker
03:13 PM on 05/20/2011
I refuse to believe that the only 2 reactions to obesity are either sympathy that this poor person came down with a disease they could do nothing to help or outright hatred and blame of them for an entire societal structure that they are trying really hard to succeed in that is hurting them.
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mkthinker
12:26 AM on 05/23/2011
The article doesn't address causes of the "disease" (and I'm not sure I agree with him on that but whatever) until the last paragraph. This is unfortunate since THAT'S the information people need.

It's not about "coming down with a disease" - it's about what people are doing to themselves to get it (eating a poor diet).

This is why articles like this are annoying. They say all the same things about "this is the problem we have" and then don't list (1) what causes it (bad diet, little or no exercise) and (2) how to get over it (eat healthy and exercise).

In the end, most docors today are recommending some sort of surgery to limit calories which is "eat less." That's insufficient. You CAN eat less and lose weight. If you eat only 1,000 calories from oreos every day you'll lose weight because you're only eating 1,000 calories. But you'll be really unhealthy.

And a really committed eater will be able to stretch that stomach out again and go back to eating too much.

There are no magic bullets. There are n shortcuts. It REALLY IS -

"eat right and exercise."

That's what they don't say because most people want something quick and easy.

I think the real disease is denial about they're doing every day that causes their fat.

Just my .02.
redbud9
What's fair is fair
01:43 PM on 05/20/2011
Sorry, but I think of obesity more as the result of self inflicted actions. I would be considered obese by today's standards, yet no one or no thing, no disease caused that except me throwing off the balance of calories in and calories out, by consuming more than I was using. Now that weight gain could have CAUSED diseases, but that's totally different.

Even for people who become obese through the treatment of a disease (such as gaining weight from steroids or anti-depression meds), I consider that obesity to be a result of treatment for a disease.
12:32 AM on 05/23/2011
I agree. Unless you have an underlying disease that makes you fat even while eating next to nothing (like hypothyroidism for example) then eating right and exercising it will "cure" the obesity problem and probably all the other things that go with it.

I think to call it a disease provides an excuse to do nothing about it. 'I got a disease called obesity. Don't make fun of me. This is just how I am." That sort of thing.

I'm obese. I started writing down everything I was eating and it was a real awakening. Almost cathartic but I was too ticked off with myself to enjoy the revelation.

I read that and thought "Well NO WONDER I'm fat!"

It's cause and effect. Articles like this focus on effect.

Where are the articles that focus on the cause?
12:31 PM on 05/20/2011
It is more difficult to regard something as a disease when it's effects can be completely negated through behavioral change. That degree of personal control just doesn't fit with the traditional perception of what disease is.
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ChaCubed
Republicans: the Antichrist
11:05 PM on 05/20/2011
I don't understand your statement: studies support that what you eat, how much you eat, and lack of exercise contributes to cancer and heart disease. Except for diseases which occur in childhood, what diseases do you think are not caused by your definition of lack of personal control?

And I don't understand the point anyway: why is a person who never smoked and dies from lung cancer regarded so differently from a person who smoked and died from lung cancer? I know, I know, it's all about personal responsibility ... or is it? I think it's a Puritan-based concept of blame. It also has a lot to do with the belief that religions push that if you do everything right in this life, you can control what happens to you in the next life, which is ludicrous, but hundreds of millions of people find comfort in believing it.
12:12 AM on 05/22/2011
Your inferences about causation and assumptions about intent would make it impossible for my statements to be understood, yes. Neither relates to anything I wrote, so I can't actually even respond to them.
12:28 AM on 05/22/2011
I'm reading what I wrote and thinking it might sound rude, and want to add that isn't my intent. You read a lot into my two, short sentences that wasn't there, is all. I meant every word I said, but absolutely nothing more than what I said. If I wanted to discuss causation or responsibility or anything else, I would address it directly in clear language. I didn't make a point at all, just an observation, so whatever point it is you don't understand it has nothing to do with what I'm talking about.
12:32 AM on 05/23/2011
Yes yes yes. I like your comment!
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Tykster
I'm beyond belief...
11:21 AM on 05/20/2011
Quote, "...yet most people continue to dismiss obesity as a "willful misconduct" and label people who have obesity as lazy and weak."

~ to gain an extreme amount of excess fat to qualify as obese one must willfully eat excess amounts of food, how is this NOT willful misconduct ?
12:51 AM on 05/23/2011
Hmm ... to me ... "wilful" means I go to sonic for the #1 combo with cheese with the INTENT of getting fat. Like my purpose in going there is not convenience, flavor, low cost, or laziness ... but simply to eat stuff with the purpose of making myself unhealthy.

I suppose there are a few people who might do this but I don't know any.

I do know quite a few harried moms who lack cooking skills and have a lot of carpool duties to get done every day. Their intent is just to get something to eat in between school and soccer practice.

Now, as one of those moms, I can tell you that I've known for years that the food is unhealthy. I've also known it was the reason for my being fat.

But ... and I don't want this to sound like an excuse though it will ... at the end of the day I was usually just too tired to deal with fixing something healthy at home.

It was just easier. That's not wilfulness. That's a lack of commitment to making healthy choices and then doing them no matter how tired, grumpy, or busy I am by the end of the day.

We all lead really busy lives. It has been VERY hard to make that lifestyle change. To know how to keep healthy stuff stocked and fix it fast with minimal work.

NOW I am being wilfully healthy.
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Tykster
I'm beyond belief...
08:38 AM on 05/23/2011
Respectfully then, your definition of wilful is skewed…. :)

If one is not forced to do something, anything, then that is a wilful choice. That the alternative is a more difficult path doesn’t alter the defintion of wilful, it just makes the convenient choice the path of least resistance. So it comes down to how much one has thought about the consequences, short term and long term, of one’s actions.

A little forethought wrt snacks and healthy can also be convenient eg. buy a large bag of almonds and individually bag them into smaller portions, any pangs of hunger can easily be forestalled by keeping one handy.

Convenient = short term hunger fix with extended unhealthy repercussions

Less convenient = a little forethought in the short term but with long term health benefits.

Short term convenience should not be overshadowed by the long term effects of obesity, but the words and advice that are already out there are being ignored. The campaign, such as it is, by advertisers, is a huge machine that promotes the likes of big fatty burgers and greasy chicken, and the health/medical industry cannot afford, financially, to counter those, and why should they keep reminding people that high calorific intake with little or no exercise is not sustainable ?

And btw, congratulations on your new healthy lifestyle....
10:20 AM on 05/20/2011
I might also add that because of prejudice, homosexuality was considered a mental illness at one time. Societies often pathologize natural human qualities to legitimize their prejudices. Starting with the quack Freud himself who labeled female resentment of male unearned privilege as "penis envy." Yet we can never learn from the mistakes of the past. We laugh at them while unable to recognize our own myopia. It is embarrassing that any intellectually sophisticated person would buy into the fact 1/3 of the population is diseased because their bodies store life protecting fat. Jokes on you because fat was responsible for our survival and those conditions are returning soon. Except for the extremes, (no one is saying it is good to be 700 lbs) fat people are the species strongest chance for continuance!
10:13 AM on 05/20/2011
Obesity is NOT a disease. It is a natural variation in human body types. Excluding extremes, many fat people are healthy and never develop associated risk factors prematurely. This is a statistical FACT! Obesity is falsely labeled a disease because of the weight lo$$ industry. 95% of obesity research is done by pharma, and it is a scientific joke. They include all the dangers of risky weight loss under obesity. So they can sell dangerous pills, kill people, then use this to point out how fat will shorten you life. It is only because the U.S. public is so easily manipulated that we have bought into this. Furthermore, "ideal" weights given to us are far to low. The best research shows what we consider moderate "overweight" has the best statistical health. Time to wake up and honor our fat!!!
06:58 PM on 05/20/2011
You have been completely brainwashed. If it were a natural variation, why was it never anywhere near this prevalent in human history? The health risks of obesity are clearly established, and being "overweight" (from 25-30 BMI) carries these same risks to a lesser degree. "The best research" does NOT show that having a 25-30 BMI makes you the most healthy. Those studies have been thoroughly discredited (they included smokers, who are more likely to be thin, but also more likely to die; they also included people who were already chronically ill with diseases that cause both weight loss and death - like cancer).
08:08 AM on 05/20/2011
It cannot be stressed enough the importance of proper nutrition and exercise. One does not work without the other. If you look at obesity, living a sedentary lifestyle and eating an excess of calories are usually the culprits. I guess if you can call alcoholism a disease then you can do the same for obesity.
Stay active, eat healthy!
http://exerciseandnutritiontips.com
12:56 AM on 05/23/2011
agreed ... too bad the author didn't focus more on this
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William Anderson LMHC
Licensed Psychotherapist, Weight Control Expert
08:06 AM on 05/20/2011
Brilliant.

William Anderson, LMHC, Licensed Psychotherapist, author of 'The Anderson Method', www.TheAndersonMethod.com
12:57 AM on 05/23/2011
Nice way to self promote there dude.
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William Anderson LMHC
Licensed Psychotherapist, Weight Control Expert
02:52 PM on 05/24/2011
Thanks. I'm on a mission to reverse the obesity epidemic. Please read some of my free articles on my website about what we can do to reverse the obesity epidemic.
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rodjard
I Update my brain frequently
07:08 AM on 05/20/2011
I have conciously caused motivating factors to exist for exercize.
I refuse to buy and cannot afford a riding lawn mower and constant
repairs on one. I have almost 2 acres of grass. It must be mowed.
There is no way around it. Hence I walk many miles pushing a mower
around and around. I try to do as many things manually as I can that
can otherwise be done with expence causing gimmics. This creates
more exercise than you might immagine. I spade my garden with a
shovel. I cut trees with an axe. I shovel snow. I rake the leaves. It
saves a lot of money and keeps me in shape. I spend more time outdoors
getting fresh air.
12:58 AM on 05/23/2011
You're the kind of guy I want to date - one who knows the value of effort!