Anyone who hangs out with dogs and their owners has probably heard this or similar comments a million times: "My dog is dominant, he ignores our commands and plays too rough with other dogs." To the general dog owner, this statement seems pretty normal, but to researchers studying social hierarchies in animals ranging from lions to macaque monkeys to bulls, the statement is likely to solicit a pause followed by a "huh?"
That's because while an individual in a group can have a high dominance rank, dominance in dogs, and in any animal for that matter, is not a personality trait.
The Definition of Dominance
So what exactly is dominance? Dominance is defined in animal behavior as a relationship between individuals that is established by force, aggression and submission in order to determine who has priority access to multiple resources such as food, preferred resting spots, and access to mates. For instance, when a group of sex-hungry bulls are introduced to each other they immediately fight in order to establish rank.
Now if you're a woman reading this, you're probably rolling your eyes thinking, "Oh brother. Dumb males at it again." But in the wild this fighting is actually really important. The bull that wins the encounters with all of the other bulls becomes the highest-ranked and thus the dominant male of the group. That means that he'll have priority access to food, resting areas, and, hubba hubba, young, desirable cows. Ideally, these high-ranked males aren't just going to stand around and look. They all want to mate. The highest-ranking bull will have the most chances to mate, which will hopefully result in little Juniors that are carrying his genes.
Being the highest-ranked means that during mating season the others male will make way if the dominant bull is approaching a female in estrus (a.k.a in heat). So even if a lower-ranked bull is planning to mate with a cute cow himself, should the dominant bull approach, he'll change his plans fast and head the other way.
But that's not the end of the story. Because sex is so important for passing on one's genes, even seemingly bone-headed bulls can play a game as devious as that on your favorite soap opera. A lower-ranked bull may sneak copulations with cows when higher-ranked bulls are not looking. As a result, in a pasture of several males and many females, the calves will be sired by more than one bull, but the highest-ranked bull will get the most matings.
Similarly, the dominant bull may chase subordinates away from a particular food source or the subordinates may just defer automatically, but the subordinates may also sneak back to the food source when the dominant individual is not available to guard the resource. In both cases, the subordinates are not trying to challenge for higher rank, they are just using an alternate strategy for mating and obtaining other resources. Note to readers: this reasoning works well on paper for bulls, but don't try using it as an excuse for yourself, since humans tend find out and seek retaliation later.
Dominance Rank Changes Based on the Social Group
Unlike a personality, which by definition is a set of behavioral characteristics that stays the same across different contexts, rank changes depending on the group in which an animal inhabits. If four individuals who are dominant in their own social group are all placed together, only one will be dominant in the new group. Anyone who owns chickens is familiar with this concept. For instance, once I had a flock of 3 trick trained chickens--one rooster and two banty (miniature breed) hens. When I added a third hen, Goldie, she immediately pecked the two other hens and established that she was the highest ranked of them all. This sorta made me mad because the original two were cute and knew a lot of tricks. But ultimately, I did get my revenge. When I brought the evil hen Goldie and my rooster over to a friend's house, her hens, which were full-sized, put them both in their place. Goldie and the rooster had been at the top of the male and female totem poles at my house but were at the bottom at my friend's.
If Dominance is Not a Personality Trait, Then What About These Behaviors?
You're probably wondering, if dominance is not a personality trait then what are the traits we're talking about when we're incorrectly referring to a dog as being dominant? It depends on the situation.
For instance, I've heard one celebrity dog trainer on T.V. describe a light-fixated dog as trying to be dominant to the light. The idea was that the dog must learn to be submissive to the light. In animal behavior, submission and submissive behaviors are those that are meant to turn aggression off, to signal that one individual does not want to fight. Now if you insert that definition into the trainer's statement the trainer would be saying that he wanted the dog to perform behaviors that would turn off aggression by the light. Hmm. Sound kinda fishy, like the wrong word inserted into a Mad Lib? It should. As odd as this dog may have been, he did not have a social relationship with the light. What he most likely had was a compulsive disorder causing him to fixate on the light.
Then there's the case of the puppy or adult dog that loves to jump on you to greet you exuberantly or who even barks to be picked up and placed in your lap. They aren't using aggression and aren't trying to establish high rank and priority access to everything they want. Rather, they are just unruly or untrained. Their exuberant jumping and barking have been rewarded when owners finally give in and pet them or acknowledge them when they perform the naughty behaviors.
And there's the case of my naughty Jack Russell Terrier, Jonesy. When I first got him at 8 months of age, and introduced him to my parent's Scottie Maggie and my Australian Cattledog Zoe, he immediately tried to mount them. Was this a clear cut example of him trying to establish dominance rank? Or was it an example of a silly pup trying to have sex with two spayed females? Actually, it was neither. If Jonesy, who was already neutered, were trying to establish high dominance rank, then when the others snapped at him to go away, he would have fought back. What he did instead was to bounce around and play bow. His mounting behavior was inappropriate play behavior. In fact Zoe was clearly higher ranked. She would sometimes chase him away from chew toys or treats and he'd always back off. But if she wasn't paying attention, he would sometimes sneak up on her and mount her. So the trait he was exhibiting was that he was socially inept.
The examples go on and on and the cause of the behaviors need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Most likely, if you stick to the scientific definition for dominance and then look more closely at the dog's behavior, body language and the reaction of the animals around him, you'll find dog behavior to be much more nuanced and interesting.
For more information visit:
http://www.askdryin.com/dominance.php
http://www.askdryin.com/dominancecontroversy.php
Read "Dominance vs Unruly Behavior" in Low Stress Handling, Restraint and Behavior Modification of Dogs and Cats.
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Other dogs attacked him. Him on leash, them off leash, him not seeing them so there was no eye contact kind of interaction. He always beat them. Even a Pitt Bull. He did it with no blood shed, no breaking of skin and with the least amount of force needed for the dog to submit.
He taught me the difference between dominance and aggression. Only fighting when he had to, and most dogs respecting his status. Giving that up when he got older and his knees didn't work too well. A loving, devoted, cheerful happy dog. Who was in charge, at least with the dogs around him.
Dominance and aggression are not interlinked, at least not in dogs. If a pack leader was always aggressive, they would not be a good pack leader. I do believe that dominance is "born" just as a beta or omega dog is born that way. Our human problem is turning a beta dog into an alpha and all the "aggression" problems that turns up.
I had a true alpha dog. My "well puppy" exam with my vet at 10 weeks of age, she warned me about his dominance. He would not flip on his back as he should. He started lifting his leg under 4 months of age and would actually lose his balance and "tip over" trying to pee as high as he could on bushes.
When he walked down a block, he owned it. That doesn't mean he barked at every dog, he normally ignored most dogs.