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Staks Rosch

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The Biblical Exodus Story Is Fiction

Posted: 04/ 6/2012 10:14 am

Shortly after I started to question my belief in God, I remember talking to my rabbi about Passover and the Exodus from Egypt. My rabbi knew that I was starting to doubt the supernatural and ridiculous aspects of the story. He told me in confidence that while the basic story is historical fact, the supernatural elements might have been an exaggeration or might not have actually happened at all. He assured me, however, that even though there might not have been plagues of frogs and Moses might not have parted the Red Sea, the Jews were slaves in Egypt, and the important thing is that there was an Exodus and that this is the core of what Passover is about. Except, in reality, there wasn't actually an Exodus. I have since learned that the Jews were never slaves in Egypt and that the entire story of Exodus is fiction.

When I first heard that there was not a shred of evidence discovered in the Sinai Desert that a large number of Jews had wandered for 40 years, I thought that wasn't such a big deal. I mean, it's a desert, right? Sand storms probably just swallowed up all the evidence. The more I looked into the story, however, the more I realized that the lack of evidence was actually a pretty big problem. According to the book of Exodus, a lot of Jews were wandering this desert, and it seems extremely unlikely (bordering on impossible) for this many people to leave absolutely no trace, especially when traces have been found for smaller groups of people which predated the Exodus in that same desert.

Just like the lack of evidence is itself strong evidence against the war between the Nephites and the Lamanites in the Americas as told in the Book of Mormon, the same is true with the Exodus story in the Torah.

Still, I didn't think all that much about it until years later, when I stumbled upon the article called, "Did Jewish Slaves Build the Pyramids?" by Brian Dunning. This article really got me thinking about the Exodus story again. Dunning's article reinforced my skepticism about the Exodus story and fueled my feelings of betrayal. I was taught for most of my life that it was a historical fact that the Jews were slaves in Egypt. This "history" was part of my cultural identity as a Jew. Even when I gave up the ridiculous, superstitious beliefs associated with Judaism, I could still proudly feel connected to the Jewish culture, which was grounded in a deep history of liberation from slavery.

As it turns out, well-known Jewish commentator and author Rabbi David Wolpe has also known about the Exodus Myth. In his article, "Did the Exodus Really Happen?" he mentions that other rabbis wanted him to keep the fiction of the Exodus story on the down-low. The basic story of the Exodus from Egypt (extracting supernatural elements) was touted to me as one of the most historical aspects of the Bible, yet it never happened. This seriously puts into question the historicity of any and all of the Bible stories.

Further, how immoral is it for modern Jews to continue to perpetuate this myth at the expense of Egyptian dignity? For thousands of years, the Jews have blamed the Egyptians for enslaving their ancestors when that never actually happened. Continuing to celebrate Passover without acknowledging the truth of history only perpetuates the shame.

Growing up, I loved celebrating Passover. I loved the story of people fighting for their freedom and fighting against slavery. I don't think Jews need to stop celebrating Passover or stop talking about this story. However, they need to acknowledge that the celebration is based on a completely fictional story and that the Egyptians never enslaved the Jews. Rabbis should even make a formal apology to the Egyptian people for vilifying them.

As a Humanist, I think it is important to talk about the plight against slavery and the fight for freedom. But I think people should do it honestly instead of turning real people in history into villains. There are plenty of real villains in history already.

Perhaps the holiday of Passover could focus more on the plight of Jews who escape Germany during the Second World War. There are some very inspirational acts of bravery and heroism worth telling from that time, and they don't require made-up history or supernatural plagues to reinforce the message.

You don't have to believe in fictional stories to celebrate Jewish holidays. In fact, you don't even need to believe in any supernatural claims on insufficient evidence and still hold on to your Jewish identity. Many Jews have left the belief in God behind and have become secular Jews. For more information about what that means, check out the Society of Humanistic Judaism.

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10:15 PM on 04/10/2012
What is amazing for me, as a humanistic Jew, is that we have chosen to celebrate freedom. Our central story is a myth, but the myth is powerful and has inspired countless movements, including the labor movement, the civil rights movement; all movements of liberation. Ours is a culture of freedom. Thank you for this article. I think we need to embrace the truth and, at the same time, celebrate our culture.
02:45 PM on 04/10/2012
Indeed you do not need to believe that the bible is anything but the mythology of the Jews (although there is some fact reflected in later books) to celebrate Jewish holidays. Thanks for the shout-out to the Society for Humanistic Judaism.

http://www.theatheistrabbi.com
11:28 PM on 04/08/2012
Let's be clear - the Bible does not say the Jews or Hebrews or Israelites built the pyramids. it does say they were in bondage. Do these Rabbis you quote have a special book that tells them the secrets they reveal to you? Yul Brynner was a wonderful Ramses II but does a film mean he was Pharoah of Exodus or that the Jews built the Pyramids. As regards History many events in the Bible were scoffed at and then were co-related with inscriptions etc. Have you looked at this? There are tales from Egypt of calamities as per Exodus. I read that camp sites etc have been found in the Sinai. But someone will say that the dates are wrong. So camp sites found but we will say no evidence.
Keep celebrating the Passover
10:21 PM on 04/08/2012
Merneptah Stele
Merneptah pylon at University of Penn Museum
One of the most important discoveries that relate to the time of the Exodus is the Merneptah stele which dates to about 1210 BC. Merneptah, the king of Egypt, boasts that he has destroyed his enemies in Canaan. He states: Plundered is the Canaan with every evil; Carried off is Ashkelon; seized upon is Gezer; Yanoam is made as that which does not exist; Israel is laid waste, his seed is not; (ANET 1969, 378).The word "Israel" here is written in Egyptian with the determinative for people rather than land (ANET 1969, 378 note 18). This implies that Israel did not have a king or kingdom at this time. This would be the time of the judges
10:19 PM on 04/08/2012
(Asiatic was a term used by the Egyptians for residents of nations east of Egypt.)
•architecture common in Northern Canaan after 1400 BC when Israel resided there, a style not Egyptian, dating to Joseph’s time
•Large Asiatic statue
•Tombs with Asiatic weapons
•Canaannite pottery dating to Middle Bronze era
•Ceremonial artifacts of Asiatic style

•1740 BC Egyptian household record listing slave names – including distinctively Hebrew names
•Wall paintings depicting Asiatics dating to 1870 BC
•Known established trade routes between Egypt and Canaan consistent with the description in
•Written reference to Asiatic sheepherders who don’t worship Ra
•Reference to public works building projects built by Asiatics and Semites
•Wall murals depicting Semitic slaves working
•Wall inscription in Semitic language
•Record indicating Semites held positions from lowly slaves to high ranks in Egyptian government

14th c BC Amarna Letters refers to conquest of Canaan by Habiru – term some scholars think was used for Hebrew people throughout Middle East. What is recorded that the Habiru do upon conquering a city matches the Biblical record.

The Merenptah Stele records an attack in Canaan by Pharaoh Merenptah circa 1209 BC, mentions Israel as part of the settled population of Canaan, and implies that Israel was the dominant group in the area. Helps set the date of Israel’s arrival because they were established and dominant by 1209 BC.

Egyptian monument 1400 BC describes “nomads of Yahweh” in the specific area mentioned in the Bible for Israel’s 40 years of wandering
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need2know
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04:14 AM on 04/08/2012
Thank you for this article, i have often wondered about the authenticity of the Bible. As a young child i often questioned my mom and other deeply religouse members of my family about this. I remember the first question that came out of my mouth, it went something like this, " Why would the Egyptians give the Israelite gold, silver and cattle after what they experienced, would they be pissed"

Of course the answer was always, god soften their heart.
01:40 AM on 04/08/2012
there is nothing supernatural about Hebrew Exodus. it was EXAGGERATION of a natural celestial event when newborn VENUS COMET, expelled from Jupiter encountered Earth, see WORLDS IN COLLISION n EARTH IN UPHEAVAL by I, Velikovsky
02:31 AM on 04/07/2012
If the author wanted to create a stir or get some readers or comments he should have written a Pro-God or Pro-Bible article. The author must be old if he thinks he is going to get a stir from this. Nothing bores people more nowadays than atheist or anti-Bible articles, even on Passover or Good Friday. I am sure my comment will get more replies than this article. Watch. I believe in God and the Bible and CREATION.
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DangerousTalk
National Atheist Examiner - http://exm.nr/j1EA0c
08:17 AM on 04/07/2012
Oh yeah, religious believers have so hard. The poor 85% are being persecuted by the 10% of atheists who aren't even allowed to hold public office in some states, lol. I wasn't trying to create a stir, I am trying to educate. Like I said in the article, even well-known and respected rabbis realize that the Exodus is fiction. You are entitled to believe whatever ridiculous story you like in the face of evidence to the contrary, but that doesn't change the fact that what you believe is still fiction.

Creation? as in a literal 6 days and a day where God needed to rest? You don't see any problems with that story? lol.
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jedwardsinontario
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07:32 PM on 04/06/2012
As is the case with New Atheists, this author overstates his case - in exactly the way he's accusing the biblical authors. First, most contemporary scholars believe that various components of the Exodus narrative happened to small, separate bands of a distinct ethnic tribe known as the Apiru. Some of whom were most certainly enslaved in Egypt. As this ethnicity emerged ("conquered") Canaan, they told the stories shared by their various ancestors. Finding common religious themes, over time, the story was adapted as "our" story - for the whole tribe. So of course, you wouldn't find evidence of 40,000 Israelites traipsing through the desert. Or collapsed walls at Jericho. To insist on this kind of biblical literalism and then to use that literalism to condemn a biblical narrative is a fundamentalist, religious approach. Shocking coming from an atheist.
12:47 PM on 04/07/2012
Actually most the evidence supports the theory that the Israelites were Canaanites from the start , If you read the original biblical texts you will find that early Israelites , up until around the 6th (first mention of monotheism is in Isaiah) century BCE were not monotheistic . YHWH was a minor Canaanite deity that the Israelites worshiped but at the same time they believed in the existence of other gods(monolatry) .

The Apiru/Habiru were not a ethnic people they were essentially social outcasts , mentioned by many of the Ancient near eastern societies as mercenaries, agricultural workers and so on, Most scholars actually believe that any concrete link to the early Israelites is just over reaching in another attempt to support biblical claims . The Apiru was probably more of a social designation and not a actual ethnic group held together by common cultural roots.

This article is correct in all of its claims , given the evidence available .
I am not suprised though , that all of these Theists are coming out the woodwork trying to shove ass backward historical knowledge into people's throats . I am sorry but there is no way to explain away the historical inaccuracies, incoherence, and generally vile nature of the bible .

stop cherry picking the bible and stop clinging to ridiculous fringe theories that theist "historians" pull out of their asses daily.
07:28 PM on 04/06/2012
I just see the exodus as a spiritual story containing spiritual truths despite being fictional, it was nonetheless based on the spiritual experiences and influences of people at the time. For me it is about how faith leads to salvation of forms whether it be freedom, peace of mind, etc.
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DangerousTalk
National Atheist Examiner - http://exm.nr/j1EA0c
08:19 AM on 04/07/2012
That's fine, as long as you recognize that it is actually fiction and that the Egyptians didn't really enslave the Jews.
12:10 PM on 04/07/2012
Exactly, if there is no historical evidence to support an Exodus of a large number of Jews from Egypt then the Egyptians deserve an apology for being centuries old bogeymen who god punished for their treatment of the Jews. The fairy tale also gives Jewish slaves the credit for doing the hard labor in the building of the pyramids when archeological evidence shows the builders were skilled craftsman, not forced labor slaves. The Catholic Church eventually apologized to the Jews for being 'Christ killers', now its time for the Jews to apologize to the Egyptians.
12:17 PM on 04/08/2012
It's very sad that you have taken this view, having completely failed to study the question from an archaeological and chronological standpoint. When was Jericho destroyed? Towards the end of the Middle Bronze Age. When was there a large population of Semitic people living in the Egyptian delta? In the Middle Bronze Age. Of course you won't find a Jericho or a Conquest at the end of the Late Bronze Age. And you won't find a large population of Semites living in the delta during the Late Bronze Age either. Why? Because they had already left hundreds of years earlier and, shortly after, destroyed the city of Jericho. The Exodus is not fiction ... you are just completely ignorant of the evidence ... as is your mentor Rabbi Wolpe.
05:22 PM on 04/06/2012
Passover - celebrating people fighting for their freedom and against slavery. But didn't God tell the Israelites to enslave the people they conquer in war? Is that only mentioned in the bible, or is it also mentioned in the Torah?
03:49 PM on 04/06/2012
Thanks for the article. But is the lack of proof for something quite the same really as saying it is proof against it? What if evidence turns up at a later time? That does seems to happen in archeology.
04:09 PM on 04/06/2012
You're right. A lot of people make the mistake of using a negative as their proof in their logic but you can never PROVE a negative. In this case, the evidence presented is really really weak at best, if not even just straight up opinion. The burden of proof is on the writer and he hasn't presented anything worth looking at.
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DangerousTalk
National Atheist Examiner - http://exm.nr/j1EA0c
04:15 PM on 04/06/2012
It's evidence against it, not proof against it. It is however pretty strong evidence at this point.
01:03 AM on 04/07/2012
I understand that, and had you presented it that way I would have said "cheers" for I can't blame you for making a case based on the lack of evidence. But the title and position of your article categorically declares the exodus account as fiction. I can't see doing that when the "jury" is still out on this one and there is no conclusive evidence for or against your premise. With matters of this magnitude, I recommend taking a more humble and open-ended approach. I'm a theist but I try to live and write by these same rules, keeping my fallibility and uncertainties transparent. www.uthinkology.wordpress.com
04:20 AM on 04/30/2012
Regarding archeological references to the Israelites at the time of Exodus, no wonder none have been found. For 40 years they lived in huts and had no deities nor symbols to identify them with since they´re prohibited in the Torah.
The 2 symbols that identify the Israelites today - the Menorah and the Shield of David - were not in use at that time. The Holy Temple had not been built and King David hand´t been born.
02:26 PM on 04/06/2012
I'm glad this article is out there. Historicity has always been one of my favorite methods of dispelling religious claims.

Thank you Mr. Rosch
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DangerousTalk
National Atheist Examiner - http://exm.nr/j1EA0c
02:54 PM on 04/06/2012
Thanks you for reading. :-)
02:05 PM on 04/06/2012
There is a much more logical explanation, that the Nile dried up, creating algae, etc. Here is the link:

http://jonathanturley.org/2010/04/14/exodus-according-to-gore-scientists-publish-report-on-the-natural-causes-of-the-ten-plagues-of-egypt/
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Tylerious
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01:49 PM on 04/06/2012
Yep, Yahweh was just another local patron God that grew up along side all of the others in the region. In fact, Yahweh was subordinate to the god El in the Canaanite pantheon. Eventually, Yahweh usurped El and stole his wife Asherah.