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William C. Chittick, Ph.D.

William C. Chittick, Ph.D.

Posted: August 14, 2010 07:07 AM

People often ask me what Islam says about this or what Islam says about that. I usually ask them what they mean by "Islam." Not many people have anything more than a vague idea of what this word can designate, not to speak of the diverse meanings that have been attributed to it throughout history.

It is fairly obvious that people think from within their own limitations. The more general a concept, the wider their diversity of understanding. Notions like "God" are notoriously up for grabs, as are words like "religion" or the names of the specific religions. There are as many "Christianities" as there are people who think and talk about it. So also is the case for "Islam." Both Muslims and non-Muslims constantly use the word with their own agendas in mind and with little or no reference to its meaning in the Quran, the founding scripture, or in the later tradition.

Most people have heard that "Islam" means literally to submit, surrender, turn oneself over. They might also have heard that it comes from the same root as salām, which means peace, lack of strife, absence of conflict. "The Peace" (al-salām) is one of God's Quranic names. By turning oneself over to the true peace that is God, one can escape the strife, conflict, war, and disharmony that are characteristic of everything other than God.

When we talk about peace in the world or in our lives, we mean achieving some sort of harmony among conflicting and contrasting forces. Such forces necessarily influence all that is specific and limited, not least the human self. God alone is free of outside influence, which is to say that he alone is true peace. Everything else is pushed and shoved from various directions, so, if we want to achieve peace, we need to make continual adjustments. This holds true whether we are talking about peace of mind, or peace in society, or peace among nations.

The Quran uses the word islām and derivatives like muslim (one who has the quality of islām) about 80 times. A small number of these instances can plausibly be interpreted as designations for the religion that the Quran and the Prophet were in the process of establishing. Historians have pointed out that the word came to be employed as a common designation for the religion only gradually, a process that has intensified enormously in modern times. Early on, for example, it was common to speak simply of al-dīn, "the religion."

Over the course of history, the historical phenomenon that we call Islam has produced many local forms. What ties them together is not any institutional setup or priestly class, but rather focus on the Quran and the Prophet as the sources for teachings and practices and the relative uniformity of ritual observances. Thus the daily prayers performed in Nigeria are practically the same as those performed in Beijing.

When we talk about the Quran, we should keep in mind that Muslims have always read the book as God's word, his self-expression, his own explanation of who he is and what he expects from people. We should also remember that it is characteristic of the Quran and of pre-modern Islamic thought generally to begin with God and to deal with the world only in terms of what is known about God.

The most basic thing that is known about God is that he is one, despite the multiplicity of his names, whether in the Quran or in other scriptures. When the Quran calls him by names like Alive, Aware, Desiring, Powerful, Speaking, Generous, Just, Merciful, Loving, Vengeful, or Forgiving, it is understood that the names differ in keeping with the manner in which the One God relates to the infinite diversity of created reality. What we call "reality" is in fact the sum total of phenomena that display God's names and attributes.

Once we begin with this notion of God as the source of all other reality, it is easy to understand why the Quran sometimes uses the word islām to designate the compulsory, universal submission of everything in the universe: "Submitted to Him is everything in the heavens and the earth" (3:83). This submission has nothing to do with free will. It is rather a fact of existence that all of us face in our everyday lives.

Whatever "freedom" may be, it is enormously circumscribed by the actual reality of lived experience. Many scientists, including many social scientists, have gone so far as to say that freedom is an illusion -- in other words, there can be no such thing as "voluntary" submission. We submit to the way things are whether we want to or not. This is precisely what the word islām designates in its most basic Quranic meaning, with the proviso that hidden behind "the way things are" is the One, Merciful God.

If the word islām in the Quran designated only the compulsory submission of everything to its Creator, most of the book would be empty words, because its teachings presuppose human freedom. It addresses the instinctive human recognition that we need guidance, "education" if you prefer. We do not on our own have the resources to understand the way things are or to live in harmony with ourselves, others, and the world at large. Scripture generally and the Quran specifically address people as (relatively) free beings with the ability to make choices that have profound repercussions on their own lives, their societies, and their posthumous becoming.

In short, the second and most common Quranic meaning of the word islām is voluntary submission to the guidance of God. This guidance comes in the form of revelation to "prophets," who are defined as those whom God appoints to convey his instructions to human beings. Through them God tells people how to live up to their humanity and how to achieve ultimate fulfillment and happiness. If this guidance is to have any effect on people's lives, they must accept it freely. As the Quran puts it, "There is no coercion in the religion" (2:256).

The first prophet and the first voluntary muslim was Adam, the father of the human race -- this is an important point on which the Islamic understanding of human nature diverges from that of Christianity. The Quran speaks of Adam, Abraham, and other Biblical prophets, as well as the apostles of Jesus, as muslims, that is, people who voluntarily surrendered themselves to God's guidance and who happily followed his instructions. Notice, by the way, that they were muslims in two senses: They were compulsory muslims like everything else in the universe, and they were voluntary muslims inasmuch as they accepted their role as creatures of God placed in the world for specific reasons.

One way to understand these specific reasons is to recall Rumi's tale of the Ocean and the fish thrown up on dry land. All fish -- not to mention the dry land itself -- are compulsory muslims. Some fish are also voluntary muslims, because they have understood that they are fish and they have submitted to the guidance of the Ocean in order
to flip and flop their way home.

For more on the meanings of "islām/Islam," see Sachiko Murata and William C. Chittick, The Vision of Islam.

 
 
 
People often ask me what Islam says about this or what Islam says about that. I usually ask them what they mean by "Islam." Not many people have anything more than a vague idea of what this word can...
People often ask me what Islam says about this or what Islam says about that. I usually ask them what they mean by "Islam." Not many people have anything more than a vague idea of what this word can...
 
 
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04:16 AM on 08/21/2010
And all this time I thought Muslims were followers of Mohamed.

The belief that Adam, Abraham, Jesus, Moses were "Muslims" is unique to Muslims, the followers of Mohamed.

Abraham was the progenitor of the Hebrew people, Moses was a Jew who was an adopted member of Akenaton's court, he led the Hebrew people out of Egypt, Jesus was a Jewish Rabi.

None of them ever followed Mohamed or the deity of Mohamed.

They followed Yahweh, not Allah. Two separate deities with completely different personalities, mythology and rituals. They are also separated not only geographically they are separated by several thousand years.
11:17 PM on 08/21/2010
One more thing, the ancestors of Jesus...from Adam, Abraham to Isaac -- then to Moses, Noah, King David, Ezekiel, Mary, then to Jesus, and they were called Jews, but the ancestor of Muhammad were linked to - from Adam, Abraham to Ishmael, then to Muhammad, and they were called Arabs. So Muhammad has no link with Jesus, Noah, Moses, etc except only from Adam and Abraham.
"They followed Yahweh, not Allah."- The Quran writes " There is no God but Allah"
12:38 AM on 08/22/2010
You're right that teh Qu'ran claims this, still the Jewish and Christian people have a very long written history prior to the existence of Mohamed and his deity "Allah".

When Yahweh was asked by Moses what he should be called Yahweh stated "Yahweh" not "Allah".

When Hagar was cast out along with her son, he was disinherited, so there is no claim to the inheritance of Abraham.

The Arabs existed before Mohamed and Allah was worshiped long before Mohamed was born. Allah is a Pagan tribal deity, he was the supreme Father God, he was married to the Sun Goddess and they have three daughters. You can read about them in the Satanic verses of the Qu'ran.

The peoples of the ancient world were "synergistic". When trading with each other which may have taken years of travel, in order to worship they would compare deities and rituals that were similar, and worship in those temples. The Kabbah was famous for the multiple deities worshiped there, along with the Father God Allah.

Allah did not have a monotheistic following until Mohamed came along. Allah did not match in any way Yahweh in personality or required ritual.

The claim that Allah and Yahweh are interchangeable and the same deity is false.
08:19 PM on 08/20/2010
Let's look a little above to: 2:190 Al-Jihâd (holy fighting) in Allâh’s Cause (with full force of numbers and weaponry) is given the utmost importance in Islâm and is one of its pillar (on which it stands). By Jihâd Islâm is established, Allâh’s Word is made superior, (His Word being Lâ ilaha illallâh which means none has the right to be worshipped but Allâh), and His Religion (Islâm) is propagated. By abandoning Jihâd (may Allâh protect us from that) Islâm is destroyed and the Muslims fall into an inferior position; their honour is lost, their lands are stolen, their rule and authority vanish. Jihâd is an obligatory duty in Islâm on every Muslim, and he who tries to escape from this duty, or does not in his innermost heart wish to fulfil this duty, dies with one of the qualities of a hypocrite.
Narrated ‘Abdullâh bin Mas‘ûd: I asked Allâh’s Messenger, "O Allâh’s Messenger! What is the best deed?" He replied, "To offer the Salât (prayers) at their early fixed stated times." I asked, "What is next in goodness?" He replied, "To be good and dutiful to your parents." I further asked, "What is next in goodness?" He replied, "To participate in Jihâd in Allâh’s Cause." I did not ask Allâh’s Messenger anymore and if I had asked him more, he would have told me more. (Sahih Al-Bukhâri, Vol.4, Hadîth No.41).

Coercion? Tolerance? Peaceful?
10:53 PM on 08/21/2010
Allah's word is superior - also means whatever he say, do it! It's like a King tell you to attack, means you must attack. So when he say to participate in jihad, do it! But can you imagine a god that creates all humans, and says he teaches love and care, but tells some people to (jihad) kill the others? Isn't that silly?
07:24 PM on 08/19/2010
"We submit to the way things are whether we want to or not."

"As the Quran puts it, "There is no coercion in the religion" (2:256)."

It isn't clear to me how it could be both at the same time. Either submission is automatic and inevitable (ie, coerced) or it is not. I suppose the sythesis of this confusion is to believe that everyone will submit voluntarily. This seems unlikely.
11:28 PM on 08/19/2010
okay, think of it this way. There is no compulsion in religion - means no one can make you believe if you choose not to be a Muslim. However, once you make the commitment you are accountable to learn, to read, to seek knowledge, to ask and ultimately to practice.
Now, the other thing about the word "muslim" is to be thought of like this...the laws of physics, the earth spinning on it's access around the sun, our solar system spinning around our galaxy, etc, the way a bud grows at precisely the appointed time - or not, the blood pumping through the heart, an estuary at the boundary of the ocean and the river....these things are all muslim because it follows the law, the will of the Creator of All Things. This is the Islamic viewpoint. Adam and Abraham and all of us are muslim because we submit to basic fundamental laws of our creation and nature that is not an issue of being consiously voluntary...your breathing is not a voluntary response, nor is the direction of the blood flowing in your system.
11:35 PM on 08/19/2010
Sorry, AXIS not ACCESS...typo...tired.
02:25 AM on 08/20/2010
No compulsion in religion - but once you become a Muslim, you have no right to change your mind later, especially if it's because you marry a Muslim and converted! And if you converted to Muslim, if your parents /family didn't, they may not be able to inherit whatever belongs to you. And if the family are Muslim background, you are not supposed to change to any other religion or else be killed. And I've read somewhere that the Quran says a womb in a woman would only need less than 5 or 6 months to be fully pregnant to bring out the baby.
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Gurthee
Keep your religion out of my government
03:24 PM on 08/19/2010
Does it really matter which brand of religion or which sect? All relgions are dangerous and even the most benign enables the fundies. I think I'll pass on all of them.
07:25 PM on 08/19/2010
"Does it really matter which brand of religion or which sect?"

There is no *it*.

Whether it matters to YOU, only you can say; as for me, yes, "it" matters a lot.
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Bahramerad
03:18 AM on 08/17/2010
Taliban STONES Couple To Death For Adultery

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/16/taliban-stone-couple-for_n_683080.html
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Christophe
12:41 PM on 08/17/2010
They must call it "business as usual"...
02:12 AM on 08/19/2010
The Quran is the best in the world, that's why they follow it. They say it is not corrupted like the Bible, and that it is in it's original form, not twisted in any form and only written in Arabic, so it's easily understood by all of them. Yet all different Muslim countries or ethnic groups teaches differently. One say Quran teaches love and tolerance, another says kill the infidels, yet another force woman to wear burqa 99% of the whole body except the 2 eyes only! Wah, so easy to understand the Quran, eh?
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Bahramerad
03:54 AM on 08/19/2010
There lies the deceit that the mullah's do not say much about ! Quran is a book of TWO parts - one that was written BEFORE Muhammad was kicked out of Mecca and was a propaganda for peace & love for all mankind and ALL things good - and the secound part - writen in Madina -- dealing with Wars and killings and revenge ,highway rabery , cutting of heads and hands and killing of all who oposed the new 'Hezbollah ' , party of Gad ( which included the killing of so called infedals who were friends in the first part of the book as they were followers of Ibrahiam ,Jews . or Issah, the christian's).
The confusion arises that all the verses in Quran - The fist part and the second parts are all jumbled up later and are not in chronological order . So it is difficult to know.
That is why it is easy to say Islam is a loving and good religion and then in the next breath that it is a dastardly evil religion with no heart and an instrument in the hand if evil does - to kill others with impunity !
Now you go and find out which one of this book suits you need and follow that ! That's what the mullah's do - especially that they have been given authority to do so - that is Lie - cheat and do whatever it takes to further their cause in the
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Bahramerad
03:56 AM on 08/19/2010
Now you go and find out which one of this book suits you need and follow that ! -- That's what the mullah's do - especially that they have been given authority to do so - that is Lie - cheat and do whatever it takes to further their cause in the name of preaching ISLAM and furthering their own cause.
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Bahramerad
03:14 AM on 08/17/2010
Sharia Law stinks !
10:26 AM on 08/16/2010
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/FH10Aa01.html

some food for thought, even if I dont entirely agree
ThatsTheTheWayItIs
religion, ideology, partisanship are delusional
08:25 AM on 08/16/2010
While well intentioned, these attempts to define any religion miss the mark.

It's the SPIRIT of the religion, not the LETTER of the law that matters.
The New Testament does not define true Christianity, the Inquisition and Crusades do.
Islam is now defined by terrorism. That will continue until the terrorist acts end.

What the Books say doesn't matter. "Stupid is as stupid does".
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Bahramerad
03:15 AM on 08/17/2010
Sharia Law stinks !
07:29 PM on 08/19/2010
"The New Testament does not define true Christianity"

I believe there is no "true Christianity". This is a thing that, were it actually defined, there would be only one Christian denomination.

YOU can no more define "true Christianity" than anyone else other than God himself. You have what we all have -- opinions.

However, the New Testament is where we have words ascribed (attributed to) Christ and thus forms a more certain foundation of Christianity than to suppose some wars serve that purpose.
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gregstevens
I'm just some guy.
08:50 PM on 08/15/2010
One can pick and choose religious texts from any religion to make it sound peaceful or violent, wise or ridiculous. Whenever someone argues by taking one passage from the Quran and saying, "HOW ABOUT THAT? HUH?", I like to reply with,

"If two men, a man and his countryman, are struggling together, and the wife of one comes near to deliver her husband from the hand of the one who is striking him, and puts out her hand and seizes his genitals, then you shall cut off her hand; you shall not show pity." Deuteronomy, 25:11-12

And I ask, "How would you like all of Christianity to be judged on THAT passage?"
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Bahramerad
03:15 AM on 08/17/2010
Sharia Law stinks !
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Bahramerad
03:19 AM on 08/17/2010
Taliban STONES Couple To Death For Adultery

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/16/taliban-stone-couple-for_n_683080.html
03:42 PM on 08/15/2010
What kind of man was Mohamed?

Was he a peaceful man?

That's all I need to know?
03:48 AM on 08/16/2010
The Messenger of Allah once told the following story:

'A man walking along a path felt very thirsty. Reaching a well he descended into it, he drank his fill and came up. Then he saw a dog with its tongue hanging out, trying to lick up mud to quench its thirst. The man saw that the dog was feeling the same thirst as he had felt, so he went down into the well again and filled his shoe with water and gave the dog a drink. God forgave his sins for this action'.

The Prophet was asked: 'O, Messenger of God, are we rewarded for kindness towards animals? He said; 'There is a reward for kindness to every living thing".
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Bahramerad
10:16 PM on 08/19/2010
Is this the reason the Muslims now treat dogs as 'Najes' ( dirty ) and persecute them and kill them and people are not allowed to keep them as pets?

Pull the other one! - These stories like many others is just a big lie ! - most probably if he had come upon a thisty dog and seen his petatic face - he would immediately behead it ! and be done with IT --
05:50 AM on 08/16/2010
He was exceptionally kind, generous and extremely honest and was known for these characteristincs throughout Mecca long before he recieved the first revelation.He was the person who was brought in to settle conflicts between agrieved parties.
There is a story as well about him...He lived next door to a Meccan woman who despised him and the Muslims. Everyday she would hurl epithets and dump her garbage in his head from her rooftop (please know that the people of Mecca who rejected his message of monotheism would do this to him even while they saw him pray). For several days he did not see and upon his inquiry found she was ill. He prayed for her and visited her in true Prophetic spirit.
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Bahramerad
10:17 PM on 08/19/2010
I bet !
05:28 AM on 09/09/2010
Did you not know he killed plenty of people, even some who were very old, just by telling his followers to slaughter them?
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mountain man col
My Wordpress site is "reasoningpolitics"
11:30 AM on 08/15/2010
This article showcases one of the great weaknesses of Abrahamic religion. We can find people using the same holy book, often the same passage, arguing opposite points of any issue.

The title of this article is badly worded: there is no inherent meaning to any words, only meaning human beings derive from them. If this literature really represents the deity that created our universe, why the ambiguity? A being capable of universe creation could easily have been more specific when applying pen to paper.
01:03 PM on 08/15/2010
The title, in addition to indicating the very reasonable idea that there are as many interpretations of complex issues as there are people, also hints at the idea that the professor was about to engage in a discussion of the etymology of the word, and its original meaning as expressed in the Quran. I think if you understand the title in that context you will the wording was in fact quite appropriate
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chaya
Another proud veteran
06:38 PM on 08/15/2010
There is no such thing as "Abrahamic religion." First Christians used the term "Judaeo-Christian." I and many others begged them to stop, because Christianity and Judaism have almost nothing in common. In fact, only a few things--like charity--that are characteristic of almost all other religions as well.

Lately they insist on lumping Islam in there as well, calling the whole shmear "Abrahamic religions." There is no such thing. There is Judaism, and there is Christianity, there is Islam, there is Buddhism, there is Daoism, there is Zoroastrianism, there is Mandaeanism, and so on and so forth.
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MyNameIsKarsten
...sounds like Chewbacca when he yawns.
08:01 PM on 08/15/2010
I beg to differ! I'm sorry, but claiming that Christianity and Islam have nothing in common is just plain ignorant.

The Qu'ran actually constantly refers to "the people of the book" and Allah is claimed to be the same god spoken of in the Bible. In fact, Islam actually teaches that the Bible too was the word of god, but that it had been corrupted over the centuries. To correct these corruptions, Allah hand-picked Mohammed as his final prophet and dictated the Qu'ran to him through an Angel.
In the Qu'ran you'll find Adam, Idris (Enoch), Nuh (Noah), Isa (Jesus), Ibrahim (Abraham), Ishaq (Isaac), Yusuf (Joseph), Yunus (Jonah), and many, many more. Islam speaks of creationism, the great flood, and so on. The Qu'ran is, according to muslims, the "final revision" of god's word.

Christianity is based on Judaism. Islam is based on Christianity. These are the "Abrahamic religions" whether you like it or not. They have tons in common. How could you *possibly* claim otherwise?
05:52 AM on 08/16/2010
Sorry to correct you but Judaism, Chrisitanity and Islam are like a beautiful tree with strong branches of which the root is our Noble Prophet Abraham.
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Gomorrah
10:20 AM on 08/15/2010
Firs off, if you want to know about Islam, ask a Muslim not a christian. If you want t to know about Christianity as a practicing Christian not a Buddhist.

If you want to know about Hinduism, as a Practicing Hindu. Not a Christian or a Muslim or a communist Hindu from West Bengal.

I find it rather odd that only Christians and Muslims have so many web sites explaining other religions. There is a fundamental conflict of interest. Evangelical christians are the biggest violaters of this practice. They out rightly lie about other belief systems to make their own look better. They are simply unethical.
10:59 AM on 08/15/2010
I find that people are often quite ignorant of their own religion. Growing up in a religion is very different than engaging in serious scholarly study of it
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Gomorrah
11:04 AM on 08/15/2010
Not really. Scholoars study like in divinity schools are a front for christian evangelicals to mic focus on the flaws of other religions. Even at Harvard and univ of Chicago..these blokes are cluless about some of the Asian religions. Too many christian evangelical influence in these schools.
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Gomorrah
11:06 AM on 08/15/2010
No matter how scholarly a Hindu studies about Christianity, I do not believe he could compete with the various christians actually practicing the faith.

Neither could a Christian evangelical do an honest job of learning and presenting Hinduism. Since as an evangelical, he has an inherent duty to this faith to put down other religions and evangelize his own. That rules out any honesty in this study.
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Bahramerad
03:16 AM on 08/17/2010
Sharia Law stinks !
08:17 AM on 08/22/2010
You've made your point, Do you have to repeat it so often? Are you just wanting to be provocateur.
09:54 AM on 08/15/2010
Impressive depth and clarity on Islam and it's purpose. I'm going to check out other readings and books by Dr. Chittick.
11:45 AM on 08/15/2010
Pretty much every book the man has written from his earliest to the most recent have demonstrated depth and clarity. You may also want to check out one of his teachers, Seyyed Hossein Nasr.
06:55 AM on 08/18/2010
Awesome. I'll check it out. Thx
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Bahramerad
03:16 AM on 08/17/2010
Sharia Law stinks !
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Jim Killingsworth
Retired Left Coast Crumudgeon
05:51 AM on 08/15/2010
I find it interesting that what appears to be mostly Christians are commenting on a religion that is not their own. I defy Christians to describe Christianity in any coherent and homogeneous context. Catholics, Protestants, Paulians, Mormans, snake handlers, some focused more on the Old Testament and the law, those focused more on the New Testament and atonement, Biblical literalists, and Biblical relativists, and on and on and on.

For anyone to say they know what any religion is, is folly. Every religion has many subsets and therefore defies generalized characterization. All generalizations are false, including the one that says that all generalizations are false. Or the way my grandfather explained it to me, "All Indians walk single-file. At least the one I knew did."
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Gomorrah
10:41 AM on 08/15/2010
Christians have this nasty habit of explaining other religions from their own evangelical filters.

Imagine some Hindus were to explain christianity by what the LDS members to do their minor girls... and try to present that as christian norms and values. Emphasizing all the nasties of a small group within that larger community would do to present a deprecating impressions.

Thats exactly how Christians at large explain to others about other peoples religion. I know of no other religion that has this viIie habit and nature.

If you have learned about other non christian religions from a christian, consider it wrong by default. Consider that you have been misled. 99% you were probably lied to.
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Baird Campbell
12:19 AM on 08/16/2010
In fact, every person on this planet is guilty of putting people and things in boxes and pontificating without much basis. It's part of the human condition and like it or not, Christians do not hold a monopoly on it. Furthermore, you're doing the exact same thing to Christians in your post. Have you met every Christian who talks about other religions? How are you any more qualified to talk about them than they are to talk about you? You should also check your own generalizations, as the vast majority of LDS groups publicly denounce the behavior of the FLDS, which is perhaps the group you meant to pigeonhole, which I admit is your right as you appear to be free of bias.
07:46 PM on 08/19/2010
"Imagine some Hindus were to explain christianity by what the LDS members to do their minor girls"

That could be difficult. Perhaps you could provide an example of how this explanation would proceed? PS -- I don't speak or read "Hindu" so I suspect your example might not be useful.

At any rate, I don't see what difference it makes WHO is telling the story, so long as the story is accurately told. It *does* make a difference when a storyteller is inserting his or her own experience and prejudice into the story, in which case it is no longer a story about LDS girls.
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Bahramerad
03:16 AM on 08/17/2010
Sharia Law stinks !
05:37 AM on 08/15/2010
This is the first time that I read Dr. Chittick and I am impressed by breadth and depth of his knowledge. He has done a great job by presenting different meanings of the word "Islam" and "Muslim". I will be looking for his scholarly writings more often.
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Bahramerad
03:20 AM on 08/17/2010
Taliban STONES Couple To Death For Adultery

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/16/taliban-stone-couple-for_n_683080.html