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Human Psychology: The Paradox of Idleness

Posted: 06/22/10 09:00 AM ET

Would Sisyphus have been happier just sitting in a jail cell, twiddling his thumbs? After all, the punishment Zeus meted out to the miscreant king was nothing more than make-work: rolling that boulder up the hill again and again and again, without purpose or sense of accomplishment. It couldn't have been very satisfying. What if Zeus had softened, and granted him a reprieve--and eternal idleness?

An interesting new study suggests that the mythical prisoner would not have liked it in the least. Indeed he would have longed for his days of rock pushing. Make-work may be pointless and demeaning, but at least it's work; it's an activity. And people prefer activity--even when they're forced into it--to sitting around with nothing to do.

That's the conclusion of University of Chicago psychologist Christopher Hsee, who has been exploring idleness in the laboratory. In one experiment, for example, he had volunteers complete part one of a two-part task. They had to wait a short time before beginning part two, and Hsee gave them two options: They could drop off their work nearby and then wait, or they could drop it at a distant location that required a short stroll. They would receive a piece of milk chocolate, regardless of which option they chose.

Most people chose to stay put. They really had no incentive to walk, so they sat and waited. But here's the interesting part: If Hsee offered different incentives--a milk chocolate nearby and a dark chocolate if they strolled, for instance--most of the volunteers took a walk. Which chocolate was where didn't matter; they switched them around. He was simply offering them the flimsiest of reasons to opt for activity over idleness--and they grabbed at it. What's more, those who strolled during the down time reported being much happier afterward than those who sat around.

This is paradoxical. People choose idleness if activity seems pointless, yet they're less happy when they do sit around. And it's not that people don't know this in advance. They do anticipate that being active will be more satisfying, but they apparently are swayed by wanting to make a reasoned choice--not an emotional one. They would feel foolish if they walked without a purpose.

Hsee ran another version of this experiment, but this time he eliminated choice. That is, some volunteers were ordered to walk to the faraway location and back, while others were told to sit and wait. The results? As the journal Psychological Science reported online this week, those who walked--even though they were forced to do so--were happier than those who sat waiting.

So people don't always choose what's best for them. No shock there. But why the mixed feelings about activity and idleness? Hsee believes they are rooted in human evolution. Idleness made a great deal of sense for our ancient ancestors, because conserving energy was crucial to survival. We no longer have the same survival demands, so we're left with a lot of excess energy--which we like to spend by staying busy. Yet that idleness bias still lingers way down deep in our neurons.

Idleness is not always a bad thing. And being busy isn't always productive, and indeed can be unsavory, even criminal. Remember that Sisyphus was a real bad apple--scheming, deceitful, murderous. We wouldn't want him hanging around with lots of time on his hands. That's what Zeus concluded--and he found something to keep him occupied.

 
 
 
Would Sisyphus have been happier just sitting in a jail cell, twiddling his thumbs? After all, the punishment Zeus meted out to the miscreant king was nothing more than make-work: rolling that boulder...
Would Sisyphus have been happier just sitting in a jail cell, twiddling his thumbs? After all, the punishment Zeus meted out to the miscreant king was nothing more than make-work: rolling that boulder...
 
 
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HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Dogma
Dare to be Nobody in Particular
10:02 AM on 06/27/2010
This goes beyond the question of idleness vs productivity: It goes to the very HEART of the meaning of life and existence.

In other words the questions arise: Why get up in the morning? Why go to work? Why do anything?

Using the metaphor of Sisyphus is a very good example, one that Camus tapped for his philosophical work ‘The Myth of Sisyphus’ which asks the same question, essentially–"If life is absurd, then why continue at all–why not just commit suicide? Well, there are lots of reasons and none of them rational, because Life itself isn't rational and yet it's perfect just the way it is.

However, I’m not buying the ‘extra energy’ theory. Not only does it not make sense, but it’s a little too convenient to reduce all human behavior to the hunter/gatherer paradigm (for lack of a better word).
sonoffestus
Got smart & got out!
03:02 PM on 06/26/2010
Many people just do not know how to use "idleness" in a constructive manner. It can be a time to recharge or learn more about oneself or others. This being the case, then one is not really "idle".
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quorthon
Big government IS the answer!
04:37 PM on 06/23/2010
I'm not sure if "idleness" is so much of an issue as the fact that a lot of folks just can't stand to be alone with their thoughts. Even George Carlin suggested that parents should let their children sit outside for a couple of hours staring at a tree, rather than subjecting them to endless playdates and incentives to perform.
01:09 PM on 06/23/2010
Our conditioning from childhood influences our life ways in adulthood. The issue of "externally stimulated/motivated" Vs "internally motivated" in childhood is important. I bet kids who are always watching tv and movies will be handicapped by idlleness in adulthood. Kids who enjoy arts, sports and school work and are challenged will lead more active lives in adulthood.

On the other hand, can one really be idle if all the senses are active! Procrastination is really the bigger and more challenging issue.
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sprider
Born lucky
12:13 AM on 06/23/2010
The study found that "people prefer activity, even if forced, to sitting around and doing nothing.
Sounds like a f***ed up argument for slavery to me.
No, really, its good for em. See, they like it. Makes em happy.
Who wouldn't rather spend 18 hour days doing labor when they could be reflecting upon idleness? ; )
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MagicalPossibilities
Question everything...
12:10 AM on 06/23/2010
It could be argued that the walk boosted endorphins as a result of the physical activity. Do the same experiment making the subjects do some desk/computer work instead of walking.
HUFFPOST SUPER USER
Burudika
01:39 AM on 06/23/2010
Spoken like a critical thinking psychologist! I've seen better experiments on the subject and better explanations to why pple prefer meaningful work/activities to sitting idle!
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08:45 PM on 06/22/2010
all I have to say about this article is " I did nothing. I did absolutely nothing, and it was everything that I thought it could be"
09:01 PM on 06/22/2010
"Office Space". Classic!
06:47 PM on 06/22/2010
This is why I preferred bicycle commuting when I lived in Silicon Valley. Riding a bike in rush hour traffic took just as long as driving and I wasn't just sitting in traffic. The cars would get ahead of me when the light turned green, but I'd catch up to them at the next traffic light. It was very satisfying because this would continue with the same cars for a couple miles until eventually they'd get ahead.
05:36 PM on 06/22/2010
Nice post. Makes intuitive sense. Although it would be nice to compare and contrast physical activity with mental activity e.g. reading a book vs. idleness, etc.

If you weren't already doing this, would you start doing it now? In other words, is it still worth doing?
The best life is lived by those who take the best care to make themselves as good as possible, and the pleasantest life by those who are most conscious that they are becoming better. - Xenophon
justonequestionaday.com
01:44 PM on 06/22/2010
People choose idleness if activity seems pointless because the first thought for the action have to be a logical one even if in a second thought they know they're less happy when they do sit around .This is what happens when people is depressed, they have a negative thinking stopping to take action...and they do anticipate that being active will be more satisfying, but they apparently are swayed by wanting to make a reasoned choice--not an emotional one? (Think then feel!) The thinking affects the feeling. I wonder about a depressed Sisyphus...http://bit.ly/dpWKqq
01:19 PM on 06/22/2010
It comes back to balance in our lives, and what works for one person, may not work for another.
03:55 PM on 06/22/2010
Fanned for your avatar.
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Militant Leftist
American seditionist
12:00 PM on 06/22/2010
If you ever get annoyed
Look at me, I'm self-employed
I love to work at nothing all day

- Bachman Turner Overdrive (aka BTO)
10:53 AM on 06/22/2010
I've been battling laziness since day one. I don't like being lazy, but sometimes the motivation just isn't there. I've found, though, that I'd rather do things with a concrete result than do mindless activity for activity's sake.

For instance, if I ride on the eliptical trainer for 30 minutes, it'll make me stronger, and I'll feel a faint sense of accomplishment, but if I work in the yard for 30 minutes, I actually have something to show for it - a pretty yard - as well as being stronger.
04:10 PM on 06/22/2010
"I've been battling laziness since day one."
Hey, at least you posted.
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Social Construct
Go left, young man.
10:12 AM on 06/22/2010
This reminds me of how General U.S. Grant, during the Vicksburg, Mississippi campaign, encouraged the construction of a canal, knowing of its probable failure. His reasoning was to keep his troops occupied rather than becoming demoralized by months of idleness while waiting for developments that could be successfully exploited. I'm pretty sure that some similar tactics were used to keep people occupied during the Depression years, as well. I'm thinking that it might not be a bad idea for us to do it again to get the wheels of progress moving and put many that are now despairing into a more positive and productive frame of mind.
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DiogenesOfAlaska
Mitt Romney for president - of the Cayman islands!
05:06 AM on 06/26/2010
True, but the infrastructure investments that were made in that time of deficit-spending weren't even mere pastimes for idle workers. They made economic sense as well, as a means of replacing private demand. The fact that they can seem like psychologically motivated has contributed a lot to the misunderstandings around their economics. Of course this depends crucially on the fact that these measure were introduced only in time of depression, with private demand collapsing, not in times of boom or saturation.
07:43 AM on 06/22/2010
This may be, but there is never an instant where there is 'nothing to do'.

Do what you like. If you can't figure out what you like, figure out what to do that is useful, and do that.

Either way is better than doing something that you detest and serves no useful purpose.
01:21 PM on 06/22/2010
Well said, and right on the mark!